Title: Experimentální filosofie o otázce kompatibility svobodné vůle s determinismem
Variant title:
- Experimental philosophy about the compatibility question
Source document: Pro-Fil. 2014, vol. 15, iss. Doplňkové číslo, pp. [36]-49
Extent
[36]-49
-
ISSN1212-9097
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/pf15-3-997
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/134129
Type: Article
Language
License: Not specified license
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
Jednou z důležitých otázek týkajících se svobodné vůle je tzv. otázka kompatibility. Táže se, zda jsou svobodná vůle a morální zodpovědnost slučitelné s platností determinismu. Existuje řada postojů k dané problematice. Na jedné straně se můžeme setkat s inkompatibilismem, který tvrdí, že svobodná vůle a morální zodpovědnost nejsou kompatibilní s kauzálním determinismem (ať již mluvíme o libertariánství či přísném determinismu), na straně druhé máme kompatibilismus, který se sloučením těchto dvou koncepcí nemá problém. Můj zájem je zaměřen pouze na současnou debatu týkající se svobodné vůle, která prozatím nedošla k jednotné odpovědi na danou otázku. Jedním ze způsobů podpory stanovisek (ať již jedné či druhé strany) je odkaz na jejich intuitivnost. Lidské intuice jsou ale empiricky testovatelné, proč tedy tvrzení filosofů neověřit? Tuto otázku si pokládají zástupci poměrně mladého filosofického směru, kterým je experimentální filosofie. Ta ve svém znaku nese hořící křeslo, aby demonstrovala vymezení vůči závěrům získaným skrze čistě apriorní přístup a snahu o empirická přezkoumání dosavadních poznatků filosofie. Za pomoci experimentálních metod se zástupci experimentální filosofie snaží mapovat intuice laiků (tedy nefilosofů), kteří nejsou zatíženi teoretickými závazky jako samotní filosofové, a nedochází tudíž k nechtěnému zkreslení výsledků. Mým cílem je představit výsledky experimentální filosofie ohledně otázky kompatibility. Aby to bylo možné, je nutné se zběžně seznámit se základními odpověďmi na otázku kompatibility. Dále shrnu nejvýznamnější experimenty, které do dané diskuse přispěly. Chci zároveň poukázat, že debata experimentálních filosofů nabrala velice rychle svébytného směru, čímž, dle mého názoru, má potenciál původní diskusi posunout a obohatit.
One of the important issues concerning free will is so called compatibility question. It explores whether free will and moral responsibility are compatible with determinism. There is a wide variety of positions on that issue. On one hand we have incompatibilists who insist that free will and moral responsibility is not compatible with causal determinism (both libertarians and hard determinists), on the other hand we have compatibilists who do not have a problem with agglutination of these concepts. I am going to focus only on the current debate which has not reached a homogenous answer to the given question so far. One usual way to support one or other position is to refer to its intuitivness. But intuitions can be empirically tested, so why should we not valuate philosophers claims in this way? For this purpose a new field of philosophy developed at the turn of the millennium. It carries a chair in flames in its crest in order to demonstrate its demarcation against the conclusions reached through strictly a priori approach and its pursuit of empirical re-examination of existing philosophical findings. I am talking of course about the experimental philosophy. With the assistance of experimental methods experimental philosophy attempts to map intuitions of folks (non‑philosophers), who are not burdened with theoretical commitments as philosophers are. What I am looking at in this paper is if experimental philosophy is able to contribute to debate about (in)compatibility. To answer this, it is necessary to briefly look at different solutions of the compatibility question. Next, I am going to summarize the most influential experiments so far. I am going to point out that the debate in experimental philosophy soon started to go in its own direction, by which, in my opinion, it has enriched the whole debate.
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[20] NICHOLS, S. & KNOBE, J. (2007). Moral Responsibility and Determinism: The Cognitive Science of Folk Intuitions. Noûs. 2007, vol. 41, no. 4, s. 663–685 [cit. 2013 05 04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00666.x. | DOI 10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00666.x
[21] PINK, T. (2004). Free Will: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
[22] ROSKIES, A. & NICHOLS, S. (2008). Bringing Moral Responsibility Down to Earth. The Journal of Philosophy. 2008, vol. 105, no. 7, s. 371–388 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné také z WWW: http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~snichols/Papers/bringingmrdown.pdf. | DOI 10.5840/jphil2008105737
[23] SOMMERS, T. (2010). Experimental Philosophy and Free Will. Philosophy Compass. 2010, vol. 5, no. 2, s. 199–212 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00273.x. | DOI 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00273.x
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[2] DEERY, O., BEDKE, M. & NICHOLS, S. (2013). Phenomenal Abilities: Incompatibilism and the Experience of Agency. In SHOEMAKER, D. (Ed.). Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility. New York: OUP, 2013, vol. 1, s. 126–150 [cit. 2014-08-31]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694853.003.0006. | DOI 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694853.003.0006
[3] FELTZ, A. & COKELY, E. T. (2009). Do Judgments about Freedom and Responsibility Depend on Who You Are? Personality Differences in Intuitions about Compatibilism and Incompatibilism. Consciousness and Cognition. 2009, vol. 18, no. 1, s. 342–350 [cit. 2013-0504]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.08.001. | DOI 10.1016/j.concog.2008.08.001
[4] FELTZ, A., COKELY, E. T. & NADELHOFFER, T. (2009). Natural Compatibilism versus Natural Incompatibilism: Back to the Drawing Board. Mind & Language. 2009, vol. 24, no. 1, s. 1–23 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2008.01351.x. | DOI 10.1111/j.1468-0017.2008.01351.x
[5] FELTZ, A., PEREZ, A. & HARRIS, M. (2012). Free Will, Causes, and Decisions: Individual Differences in Written Reports. The Journal of Consciousness Studies. 2012, vol. 19, s. 166–189 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné také z WWW: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/jcs/2012/00000019/F0020009/art00008.
[6] FISCHER, J. M. (2012). Semicompatibilism and Its Rivals. The Journal of Ethics. 2012, vol. 16, no. 2, s. 117–143 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10892-012-9123-9. | DOI 10.1007/s10892-012-9123-9
[7] FISCHER, J. M., et al. (2007). Four Views on Free Will. Malden (MA): Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
[8] FRANKFURT, H. G. (1969). Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility. The Journal of Philosophy. 1969, vol. 66, no. 23, s. 829–839 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2023833. | DOI 10.2307/2023833
[9] EKSTROM, L. (2002). Libertarianism and Frankfurt-Style Cases. In KANE, R. (Ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. New York: OUP, 2002, s. 309–355.
[10] JAMES, W. (1965). Dilemma of Determinism. The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy, New York: Dover Publications, 1956.
[11] KANE, R. (1999). Responsibility, Luck, and Chance: Reflections on Free Will and Indeterminism. The Journal of Philosophy. 1999, vol. 96, no. 5, s. 217–240 [cit. 2013 05 04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2564666. | DOI 10.2307/2564666
[12] KANT, I. (1996). Kritika praktického rozumu. Praha: Svoboda, 1996.
[13] KNOBE, J. & NICHOLS, S. (2008). An Experimental Philosophy Manifesto. In KNOBE, J. & NICHOLS, S. (Eds.). Experimental Philosophy. New York: OUP, 2008, s. 3–14 [cit. 20130504]. Dostupné také z WWW: http://pantheon.yale.edu/~jk762/manifesto.pdf
[14] LYCAN, W. G. (2003). Free Will and the Burden of Proof. In O'HEAR, A. (Ed). Minds and Persons. Cambridge (UK): CUP, 2003, s. 107–122 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné také z WWW: http://people.nnu.edu/ktimpe/research/China/Lycan.pdf.
[15] MANDELBAUM, E. & RIPLEY, D. (2012). Explaining the Abstract/Concrete Paradoxes in Moral Psychology: The NBAR Hypothesis. The Review of Philosophy and Psychology. 2012, vol. 3, no. 3, s. 351–368 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13164-012-0106-3. | DOI 10.1007/s13164-012-0106-3
[16] NAHMIAS, E. (2006). Folk Fears about Freedom and Responsibility: Determinism vs. Reductionism. Journal of Cognition and Culture. 2006, vol. 6, no. 1-2, s. 215–237 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853706776931295. | DOI 10.1163/156853706776931295
[17] NAHMIAS, E., COATES, D. J. & KVARAN, T. (2007). Free Will, Moral Responsibility, and Mechanism: Experiments on Folk Intuitions. Midwest Studies in Philosophy. 2007, vol. 31, no. 1, s. 214-242 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.2007.00158.x. | DOI 10.1111/j.1475-4975.2007.00158.x
[18] NAHMIAS, E., et al. (2008). Is Incompatibilism Intuitive? In KNOBE, J. & NICHOLS, S. (Eds.). Experimental Philosophy. New York: OUP, 2008, s. 81–104.
[19] NAHMIAS, E., et al. (2005). Surveying Freedom: Folk Intuitions about Free Will and Moral Responsibility. Philosophical Psychology. 2005, vol. 18, no. 5, s. 561–584 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515080500264180. | DOI 10.1080/09515080500264180
[20] NICHOLS, S. & KNOBE, J. (2007). Moral Responsibility and Determinism: The Cognitive Science of Folk Intuitions. Noûs. 2007, vol. 41, no. 4, s. 663–685 [cit. 2013 05 04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00666.x. | DOI 10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00666.x
[21] PINK, T. (2004). Free Will: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
[22] ROSKIES, A. & NICHOLS, S. (2008). Bringing Moral Responsibility Down to Earth. The Journal of Philosophy. 2008, vol. 105, no. 7, s. 371–388 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné také z WWW: http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~snichols/Papers/bringingmrdown.pdf. | DOI 10.5840/jphil2008105737
[23] SOMMERS, T. (2010). Experimental Philosophy and Free Will. Philosophy Compass. 2010, vol. 5, no. 2, s. 199–212 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00273.x. | DOI 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00273.x
[24] SOMMERS, T. (forthcoming). Free Will and Experimental Philosophy: An Intervention [online]. (forthcoming), In CLAUSEN, J. & LEVY, N. (Eds.). Springer Handbook of Neuroethics. forthcoming [cit. 2014-08-31]. Dostupné také z WWW: https://www.academia.edu/2127600/Free_Will_and_Experimental_Philosophy_An_Intervention.
[25] VAN INWAGEN, P. (1983). An Essay on Free Will. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.
[26] WEIGEL, C. (2011). Distance, Anger, Freedom: An Account of the Role of Abstraction in Compatibilist and Incompatibilist Intuitions. Philosophical Psychology. 2011, vol. 24, no. 6, s. 803–823 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2011.562640. | DOI 10.1080/09515089.2011.562640
[27] WOLF, S. (1980). Asymmetrical Freedom. The Journal of Philosophy. 1980, vol. 77, no. 3, s. 151–166 [cit. 2013-05-04]. Dostupné z WWW: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2025667. | DOI 10.2307/2025667