Title: Sulla and the practices of anchoring in political discourse: cultural memory and the use of symbols in Roman Athens
Source document: Graeco-Latina Brunensia. 2021, vol. 26, iss. 2, pp. 193-210
Extent
193-210
-
ISSN1803-7402 (print)2336-4424 (online)
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2021-2-12
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/144594
Type: Article
Language
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 International
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
This paper discusses strategies of negotiating Roman control over Athens in a contested political sphere during the first century BCE. It explores the language in Athenian political discourse, political reactions to Roman power, and the ideological grounds for decision-making in the pre- and post-Sulla periods, tracing continuity in practices and focusing on the iconographical choices of the New Style coinage of Mentor and Moschion. To that end, it examines the different articulations of power as manifested at a symbolic level; it traces reforms in Athenian civic narratives in a period of increasing Roman activity in the East; it highlights links between Athenian cultural memory and decision-making during this period; finally, it explains the ways the embedded, new narratives were disseminated. The evidence shows significant political fluidity in first-century Athens and mirrors the political elites' understanding of the role of the past and the need for constructing new political narratives depending on circumstances
Note
The research for this article was funded by Anchoring Innovation, which is the Gravitation Grant research agenda of OIKOS, the National Research School in Classical Studies, the Netherlands. It is financially supported by the Dutch ministry of Education, Culture and Science (2017–2027). For more information see www.ru.nl/oikos/anchoring-innovation. An early version of this research paper was presented at the Laetae Segetes VII Conference (Brno, 18–20 November 2020). I am extending my gratitude to Prof. Onno van Nijf, Dr Stefanos Apostolou, the two anonymous reviewers, and my colleagues from the Department of Ancient History at Groningen for the insightful comments and thought-provoking discussions at various stages of this work. All remaining mistakes are, of course, mine. All translations provided are my own unless otherwise indicated. If not indicated, dates should be taken as BCE.
References
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[32] Kuin, I. N. I. (2018). Sulla and the Invention of Roman Athens. Mnemosyne, 71(4), 616–639. | DOI 10.1163/1568525X-12342370
[33] Lewis, D. M. (1962). The Chronology of the New Style Coinage of Athens. The Numismatic Chronical and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, 2, 275–300.
[34] Luci, F. (2018). Monuments and Inscriptions in Republican Rome: Linguistic Framework for Interpreting Art and Text. Diss., Durham University.
[35] Mango, E. (2010). Tanta vis admonitionis inest in locis. Zur Veränderung von Erinnerungsräumen im Athen des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. In R. Krumeich, & C. Witschel (Eds.), Die Akropolis von Athen im Hellenismus und in der römischen Kaiserzeit (pp. 117–155). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
[36] Mattingly, H. B. (1990). The Beginning of Athenian New Style Silver Coinage. The Numismatic Chronicle, 150, 67–78.
[37] Mørkholm, O. (1984). The Chronology of the New Style Coinage of Athens. Museum Notes, 29, 29–42.
[38] Munson, R. V. (2017). Thucydides and Myth: A Complex Relation to Past and Present. In S. L. Forsdyke, E. Foster, & R. K. Balot (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Thucydides (pp. 257–266). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[39] Oliver, G. J. (2001). The Politics of Coinage: Athens and Antigonus Gonatas. In A. Meadows, & K. Shipton (Eds.), Money and Its Uses in the Ancient Greek World (pp. 32–52). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[40] Pagkalos, M. E. (2018). Perceiving the Past in the Early Hellenistic Period: The Uses of the Past in Remodelling Reality. Diss., University of Leicester.
[41] Pagkalos, M. E. (Forthcoming). Politics, Memory and Representation in Early Hellenistic Athens: Approaching the Athenian Political Imaginary.
[42] Palagia, O. (1997). Classical Encounters: Attic Sculpture After Sulla. In M. C. Hoff, & S. I. Rotroff (Eds.), The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference Held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996) (pp. 81–95). Oxford: Oxbow.
[43] Papageorgiadou, C., & Kosmidou, E. (2020). Denarii Hoards and Coin Circulation in Greece During the 2nd and 1st Centuries BC. In P. Marchetti, & C. Papageorgiadou (Eds.), Réflexions sur la circulation des monnaies romaines républicaines en Grèce et dans les Balkans/Reflections on the Circulation of Roman Republican Coinage in Greece and the Balkans (pp. 133–210). Athens: Institute of Historical Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation.
[44] Parigi, C. (2013). The Romanization of Athens: Greek Identity and Connectivity between Athens and Rome in the 1st Century BC. In L. Bombardieri, A. D' Agostino, G. Cuarducci, V. Orsi, & S. Valentini (Eds.), SOMA 2012. Identity and Connectivity: Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Florence, Italy, 1–3 March 2012 (BAR International Series, 2581; Vol. 1; pp. 447–455). Oxford: Archaeopress.
[45] Parigi, C. (2019). Atene e il sacco di Silla. Evidenze archeologiche e topografiche fra l'86 e il 27 a.C. (Kölner Schriften zur Archäologie, 2). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
[46] Petrakos, V. CH. (1968). O Ωρωπός και το ιερόν του Αμφιαράου (Library of the Archaeological Society of Athens, 63). Athens: Archaeological Society of Athens.
[47] Price, M. J. (1987). Southern Greece. In A. M. Burnett, & M. H. Crawford (Eds.), The Coinage of the Roman World in the Late Republic: Proceedings of a Colloquium Held at the British Museum in September 1985 (BAR, 326; pp. 95–103). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[48] Raubitschek, A. E. (1951). Sylleia. In P. R. Coleman-Norton (Eds.), Studies in Roman Economic and Social History in Honor of Allan Chester Johnson (pp. 49–75). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[49] Rous, S. A. (2019). Reset in Stone: Memory and Reuse in Ancient Athens. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
[50] Ruggeri, C. (2006). Silla e la conquista di Atene nell' 86 a.C. In P. Amann, M. Pedrazzi, & H. Taeuber (Eds.), Italo - Tusco - Romana: Festschrift für Luciana Aigner-Foresti zum 70. Geburtstag am 30. Juli 2006 (pp. 3154–3324). Vienna: Holzhausen Verlag.
[51] Santangelo, F. (2007). Sulla, the Elites and the Empire: A Study of Roman Policies in Italy and the Greek East (Impact of Empire, 8). Leiden: Brill.
[52] Sear, D. R. (1988). Roman Coins and Their Values. London: Spink Books.
[53] Sluiter, I (2017). Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda. European Review, 25(1), 20–38. | DOI 10.1017/S1062798716000442
[54] Taylor, M. W. (1991). The Tyrant Slayers: The Heroic Image in Fifth Century B.C. Athenian Art and Politics. Salem, NH: Ayer.
[55] Tatum, J. (2020). A Great and Arduous Struggle: Marcus Antonius and the Rhetoric of Libertas in 44–43 BC. In C. Balmaceda (Ed.), Libertas and Res Publica in the Roman Republic (Impact of Empire, 37; pp. 189–215). Leiden: Brill.
[56] Thompson, M. E. (1961). New Style Silver Coinage of Athens (Numismatic Studies, 10). New York: American Numismatic Society.
[57] Worthington, I. (2021). Athens After Empire: A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[58] Yates D. C. (2019). States of Memory: The Polis, Panhellenism and the Persian War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[59] Zoumbaki, S. B. (2018). Sulla, the Army, the Officers, and the Poleis of Greece: A Reassessment of Warlordism in the First Phase of the Mithridatic Wars. In T. N. del Hoyo, & F. L. Sanchez (Eds.), War, Warlords and Interstate Relations in the Ancient Mediterranean (pp. 351–379). Leiden: Brill.
[2] Apostolou, E. (2010). Τρεις "Θησαυροί" Αθηναϊκών νομισμάτων "νέας τεχνοτροπίας" από τη Δήλο. In P. Tselekas (Ed.), Tο νόμισμα στα νησιά του Αιγαίου. Νομισματοκοπεία, κυκλοφορία, Εικονογραφία, Ιστορία. Πρακτικά συνεδρίου της Ε΄ Επιστημονικής Συνάντησης, Μυτιλήνη, 16–19 Σεπτεμβρίου 2006. Τόμος Ι: Αρχαίοι Χρόνοι (Ὀβολός 9; pp. 379–411). Athens: The Friends of the Numismatic Museum.
[3] Azoulay, V. (2017). The Tyrant-Slayers of Ancient Athens: A Tale of Two Statues. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[4] Brody, L. R. (2001). The Cult of Aphrodite at Aphrodisia in Caria. Kernos, 14, 93–109. | DOI 10.4000/kernos.772
[5] Camp, J. M., Ierardi, M., McInerney, J., Morgan, K. C., & Umholtz, G. (1992). A Trophy from the Battle of Chaironeia of 86 B. C. American Journal of Archaeology, 96(3), 443–455. | DOI 10.2307/506067
[6] Canevaro, M., & Gray, B. (Eds.). (2018). The Hellenistic Reception of Classical Athenian Democracy and Political Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[7] Crawford, M. H. (1974). Roman Republican Coinage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[8] de Callataÿ, F. (2011). More than It Would Seem: The Use of Coinage by the Romans in Late Hellenistic Asia Minor (133–63 BC). American Journal of Numismatics, 23, 55–86.
[9] Conwell, D. H. (2008). Connecting a City to the Sea: The History of the Athenian Long Walls. Leiden: Brill.
[10] Eckert, A. (2016). Lucius Cornelius Sulla in der antiken Erinnerung. Jener Mörder, der sich Felix nannte (Millennium-Studien, 60). Berlin: De Gruyter.
[11] Ferguson, W. S. (1911). Hellenistic Athens: An Historical Essay. London: MacMillan.
[12] Flament, C. (2007). Le monnayage en argent d'Athènes: De l'époque archaïque à l'époque hellénistique (c. 550– c. 40 av. J.- C.) (Etudes numismatiques, 1). Louvain-la-Neuve: Association de numismatique professeur Marcel Hoc.
[13] Geagan, D. L. (1964). The Athenian Constitution After Sulla (Hesperia Supplements, 12). Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
[14] Geagan, D. L. (2011). Inscriptions: The Dedicatory Monuments (The Athenian Agora, 18). Princeton, NJ: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
[15] Habicht, C. (1976). Zur Geschichte Athens in der Zeit Mithridates' VI. Chiron, 6, 127–142.
[16] Habicht, C. (1990). Athens and the Attalids in the Second Century B.C. Hesperia, 59, 561–577. | DOI 10.2307/148304
[17] Habicht, C. (1992). Athens and the Ptolemies. Classical Antiquities, 11, 68–90. | DOI 10.2307/25010963
[18] Habicht, C. (1997). Athens from Alexander to Antony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[19] Habicht, C. (2003). Athens after the Chremonidean War: Some Second Thoughts. In O. Palagia, & S. V. Tracy (Eds.), The Macedonians in Athens, 322–229 B.C. Proceedings of an International Conference Held at the University of Athens, May 24–26, 2001 (pp. 52–55). Exeter: Oxbow.
[20] Heijnen, S. (2018). Athens and the Anchoring of Roman Rule in the First Century BCE (67–17). Journal of Ancient History, 6(1), 80–110. | DOI 10.1515/jah-2017-0023
[21] Henderson, T. R. (2020). The Springtime of the People: The Athenian Ephebeia and Citizen Training from Lykourgos to Augustus. Leiden: Brill.
[22] Hoff, M. C. (1997a). Laceratae Athenae: Sulla's Siege of Athens in 87/6 B.C. and Its Aftermath. In M. C. Hoff, & S. I. Rotroff (Eds.), The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference Held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996) (pp. 33–51). Oxford: Oxbow.
[23] Hoff, M. C. (2005). Athens Honors Pompey the Great. In L. de Blois, J., Bons, T. Kessels, & D. M. Schenkeveld (Eds.), The Statesman in Plutarch's Works, II: The Statesman in Plutarch's Greek and Roman Lives; Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the International Plutarch Society, Nijmegen/Castle Herner, May 1–5, 2002 (pp. 327–336). Leiden: Brill.
[24] Hoff, M. C., & Rotroff, S. I. (Eds.). (1997). The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference Held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996). Oxford: Oxbow.
[25] Hölscher, T. (2004). The Language of Images in Roman Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[26] Hölscher, T. (2018). Visual Power in Ancient Greece and Rome: Between Art and Social Reality. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
[27] Kleinschmidt, T. (2011). Die Sylleia und die attischen Tetradrachmen der Münzmeister Eumelos und Theoxenides. In O. Pilz, & M. Vonderstein (Eds.), Keraunia: Beiträge zu Mythos, Kult und Heiligtum in der Antike (pp. 131–160). Berlin: De Gruyter.
[28] Kralli, I. (2016). Attitudes to Hellenistic Athens: To Sneer or Revere? In A. Powell, & K. Meidani (Eds.), The Eye-Sore of Aigina: Anti-Athenian Attitudes in Greek, Hellenistic and Roman History (pp. 163–185). Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.
[29] Kroll, J. H. (1993). The Greek Coins (The Athenian Agora, 26). Princeton, NJ: The Americal School of Classical Studies in Athens. | DOI 10.2307/3602004
[30] Kroll, J. H. (1997). Coinage as an Index of Romanization. In M. C. Hoff, & S. I. Rotroff (Eds.), The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference Held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996) (pp. 135–150). Oxford: Oxbow.
[31] Kuin, I. N. I. (2017). Anchoring Political Change in Post-Sullan Athens. In T. M. Dijkstra, I. N. I. Kuin, M. Moser, & D. Weidgenannt (Eds.), Strategies of Remembering in Greece Under Rome (100 BC–100 AD) (pp. 157–168). Leiden: Sidestone Press.
[32] Kuin, I. N. I. (2018). Sulla and the Invention of Roman Athens. Mnemosyne, 71(4), 616–639. | DOI 10.1163/1568525X-12342370
[33] Lewis, D. M. (1962). The Chronology of the New Style Coinage of Athens. The Numismatic Chronical and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, 2, 275–300.
[34] Luci, F. (2018). Monuments and Inscriptions in Republican Rome: Linguistic Framework for Interpreting Art and Text. Diss., Durham University.
[35] Mango, E. (2010). Tanta vis admonitionis inest in locis. Zur Veränderung von Erinnerungsräumen im Athen des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. In R. Krumeich, & C. Witschel (Eds.), Die Akropolis von Athen im Hellenismus und in der römischen Kaiserzeit (pp. 117–155). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
[36] Mattingly, H. B. (1990). The Beginning of Athenian New Style Silver Coinage. The Numismatic Chronicle, 150, 67–78.
[37] Mørkholm, O. (1984). The Chronology of the New Style Coinage of Athens. Museum Notes, 29, 29–42.
[38] Munson, R. V. (2017). Thucydides and Myth: A Complex Relation to Past and Present. In S. L. Forsdyke, E. Foster, & R. K. Balot (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Thucydides (pp. 257–266). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[39] Oliver, G. J. (2001). The Politics of Coinage: Athens and Antigonus Gonatas. In A. Meadows, & K. Shipton (Eds.), Money and Its Uses in the Ancient Greek World (pp. 32–52). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[40] Pagkalos, M. E. (2018). Perceiving the Past in the Early Hellenistic Period: The Uses of the Past in Remodelling Reality. Diss., University of Leicester.
[41] Pagkalos, M. E. (Forthcoming). Politics, Memory and Representation in Early Hellenistic Athens: Approaching the Athenian Political Imaginary.
[42] Palagia, O. (1997). Classical Encounters: Attic Sculpture After Sulla. In M. C. Hoff, & S. I. Rotroff (Eds.), The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference Held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996) (pp. 81–95). Oxford: Oxbow.
[43] Papageorgiadou, C., & Kosmidou, E. (2020). Denarii Hoards and Coin Circulation in Greece During the 2nd and 1st Centuries BC. In P. Marchetti, & C. Papageorgiadou (Eds.), Réflexions sur la circulation des monnaies romaines républicaines en Grèce et dans les Balkans/Reflections on the Circulation of Roman Republican Coinage in Greece and the Balkans (pp. 133–210). Athens: Institute of Historical Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation.
[44] Parigi, C. (2013). The Romanization of Athens: Greek Identity and Connectivity between Athens and Rome in the 1st Century BC. In L. Bombardieri, A. D' Agostino, G. Cuarducci, V. Orsi, & S. Valentini (Eds.), SOMA 2012. Identity and Connectivity: Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Florence, Italy, 1–3 March 2012 (BAR International Series, 2581; Vol. 1; pp. 447–455). Oxford: Archaeopress.
[45] Parigi, C. (2019). Atene e il sacco di Silla. Evidenze archeologiche e topografiche fra l'86 e il 27 a.C. (Kölner Schriften zur Archäologie, 2). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
[46] Petrakos, V. CH. (1968). O Ωρωπός και το ιερόν του Αμφιαράου (Library of the Archaeological Society of Athens, 63). Athens: Archaeological Society of Athens.
[47] Price, M. J. (1987). Southern Greece. In A. M. Burnett, & M. H. Crawford (Eds.), The Coinage of the Roman World in the Late Republic: Proceedings of a Colloquium Held at the British Museum in September 1985 (BAR, 326; pp. 95–103). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[48] Raubitschek, A. E. (1951). Sylleia. In P. R. Coleman-Norton (Eds.), Studies in Roman Economic and Social History in Honor of Allan Chester Johnson (pp. 49–75). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[49] Rous, S. A. (2019). Reset in Stone: Memory and Reuse in Ancient Athens. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
[50] Ruggeri, C. (2006). Silla e la conquista di Atene nell' 86 a.C. In P. Amann, M. Pedrazzi, & H. Taeuber (Eds.), Italo - Tusco - Romana: Festschrift für Luciana Aigner-Foresti zum 70. Geburtstag am 30. Juli 2006 (pp. 3154–3324). Vienna: Holzhausen Verlag.
[51] Santangelo, F. (2007). Sulla, the Elites and the Empire: A Study of Roman Policies in Italy and the Greek East (Impact of Empire, 8). Leiden: Brill.
[52] Sear, D. R. (1988). Roman Coins and Their Values. London: Spink Books.
[53] Sluiter, I (2017). Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda. European Review, 25(1), 20–38. | DOI 10.1017/S1062798716000442
[54] Taylor, M. W. (1991). The Tyrant Slayers: The Heroic Image in Fifth Century B.C. Athenian Art and Politics. Salem, NH: Ayer.
[55] Tatum, J. (2020). A Great and Arduous Struggle: Marcus Antonius and the Rhetoric of Libertas in 44–43 BC. In C. Balmaceda (Ed.), Libertas and Res Publica in the Roman Republic (Impact of Empire, 37; pp. 189–215). Leiden: Brill.
[56] Thompson, M. E. (1961). New Style Silver Coinage of Athens (Numismatic Studies, 10). New York: American Numismatic Society.
[57] Worthington, I. (2021). Athens After Empire: A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[58] Yates D. C. (2019). States of Memory: The Polis, Panhellenism and the Persian War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[59] Zoumbaki, S. B. (2018). Sulla, the Army, the Officers, and the Poleis of Greece: A Reassessment of Warlordism in the First Phase of the Mithridatic Wars. In T. N. del Hoyo, & F. L. Sanchez (Eds.), War, Warlords and Interstate Relations in the Ancient Mediterranean (pp. 351–379). Leiden: Brill.