Title: On exemplifying markers in present-day British and American English : formal and functional implications
Source document: Brno studies in English. 2019, vol. 45, iss. 2, pp. [155]-173
Extent
[155]-173
-
ISSN0524-6881 (print)1805-0867 (online)
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2019-2-8
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/142188
Type: Article
Language
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
The aim of this paper is to provide a formal and functional analysis of a selection of four English exemplifying markers, namely including, included, for example and for instance. The analysis unveils some recent ongoing changes which point at the broadening of the structural scope of including (which used to link exclusively non phrases in the past but can now be used with a wider variety of syntactic forms) and an increasing discursive use of for example and for instance (both tend to connect whole chunks of discourse and seem to be developing pragmatic meanings, especially – but not exclusively – as mitigators). The corpus-driven study is based on the texts of the Brown family of corpora, which allows the identification of any potential diachronic variation observed at three points in present-day English (namely, the 1960s, the 1990s and the 2000s) in both British and American English.
Note
For generous financial support, I am grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant FFI2017-82162-P).
References
[1] AE06: The American English 2006 Corpus. Compiled by Paul Baker. Lancaster University.
[2] BE06: The British English 2006 Corpus. 2008. Compiled by Paul Baker. Lancaster University.
[3] BROWN: A Standard Corpus of Present-Day Edited American English. 1964. Compiled by W. N. Francis and H. Kučera. Brown University.
[4] FLOB: Freiburg-Lob Corpus of British English. 1999. Compiled by Christian Mair. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.
[5] FROWN: Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English. 1999. Compiled by Christian Mair. AlbertLudwigs-Universität Freiburg.
[6] LOB: Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen Corpus. 1976, 1986. Compiled by Geoffrey Leech et al. Lancaster University, University of Oslo and University of Bergen.
[7] Aijmer, Karin (1997) I think: An English modal particle. In: Swan, Toril and Olaf Jansen Westvik (eds.) Modality in Germanic Languages. Historical and Comparative Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–47.
[8] Beeching, Kate and Ulrich Detges (2014) Introduction. In: Beeching, Kate and Ulrich Detges (eds.) Discourse Functions at the Left and Right Periphery. Crosslinguistic Investigations of Language Use and Language Change. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 1–23.
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[13] Degand, Liesbeth and Geertje van Bergen (2016) Discourse markers as turn-transition devices: Evidence from speech and instant messaging. Discourse Processes 00 (0), 1–25.
[14] Eggs, Ekkehard and Dermot McElholm (2013) Exemplifications, Selections and Argumentations. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH.
[15] Fanego, Teresa (2010) Paths in the development of elaborative discourse markers: Evidence from Spanish. In: Davidse, Kristin, Lieven Vandelanotte and Hubert Cuyckens (eds.) Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 197–237.
[16] Fernández-Bernárdez, Cristina (1994-1995) Marcadores textuales de 'ejemplificación' textual. Estudios de Lingüística 10, 103–144.
[17] Gibson, Rhonda and Dolf Zillmann (1994) Exaggerated versus representative exemplification in news reports: Perception of issues and personal consequences. Communication Research 21, 603–624. | DOI 10.1177/009365094021005003
[18] Haselow, Alexander (2015) Left vs. right periphery in grammaticalization. The case of anyway. In: Smith, Andrew D.M., Graeme Trousdale and Richard Waltereit (eds.) New Directions in Grammaticalization Research. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 157–186.
[19] Hoffmann, Sebastian (2005) Grammaticalization and English Complex Prepositions. A Corpusbased Study. London and New York: Routledge.
[20] Hopper, Paul J. (1991) On some principles of grammaticization. In: Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Bernd Heine (eds.) Approaches to Grammaticalization. Vol. I: Focus on Theoretical and Methodological Issues. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 17–35.
[21] Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott (2003) [1993]. Grammaticalization, 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[22] Hyland, Ken (2007) Applying a gloss: Exemplifying and reformulating in academia discourse. Applied Linguistics 28 (2), 266–285. | DOI 10.1093/applin/amm011
[23] Koktová, Eva (1986) Apposition as a pragmatic phenomenon in a functional description. University of East Anglia Papers in Linguistics 23, 39–79.
[24] König, Ekkehard and Bernd Kortmann (1991) On the reanalysis of verbs as prepositions. In: Rauh, Gisa (ed.) Approaches to Prepositions. Tűbingen: Gunter Narr, 109–125.
[25] Kuryłowicz, Jerzy (1975) Esquisses Linguistiques II. München: Wilhelm Fink.
[26] Langacker, Ronald Wayne (1977) Syntactic reanalysis. In: Li, Charles N. (ed.) Mechanisms of Syntactic Change. Austin: University of Texas Press, 57–139.
[27] Lehmann, Christian (2002) [1995]. Thoughts on Grammaticalization, 2nd edition. München/Newcastle: Lincom Europa. (First published as Thoughts on Grammaticalization: A Programmatic Sketch. No. 48 in the series Arbeiten des Kölner Universalien Projekts, University of Cologne, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft).
[28] Lightfoot, Douglas (2011) Grammaticalization and lexicalization. In: Narrog, Heiko and Bernd Heine (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 438–449.
[29] Lischinsky, Alon (2008) Examples as persuasive argument in popular management literature. Discourse and Communication 2, 243–269. | DOI 10.1177/1750481308091907
[30] Lyons, John D. (1989) Exemplum: The Rhetoric of Example in Early Modern France and Italy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
[31] Meyer, Charles F. (1992) Apposition in Contemporary English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[32] OED: Oxford English Dictionary. Online: http://www.oed.com/
[33] Perry, Stephen D. and William J. Gonzenbach (1997) Effects of news exemplification extended: Considerations of controversiality and perceived future opinion. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 41 (2), 229–244. | DOI 10.1080/08838159709364403
[34] Pullum, Geoffrey K. and Rodney Huddleston (2002) Prepositions and preposition phrases. In: Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.) The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 597–662.
[35] Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
[36] Rodríguez-Abruñeiras, Paula (2017) Exemplification then and now: A historical overview of English exemplifying markers. Miscelanea. A Journal of English and American Studies 55, 87–107.
[37] Stump, Gregory (2009) Derivation and function words. In: Rochelle, Lieber and Pavol Štekauer (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 317–137.
[38] Webber, Bonnie, Matthew Stone, Aravind Joshi and Alistair Knott (2003) Anaphora and discourse structure. Computational Linguistics 29 (4), 545–587. | DOI 10.1162/089120103322753347
[39] Wichmann, Anne, Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen and Karin Aijmer (2010) How prosody reflects semantic change: A synchronic case study of of course. In: Davidse, Kristin, Lieven Vandelanotte and Hubert Cuyckens (eds.) Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 103–154.
[40] Zillmann, Dolf and Hans-Bernd Brosius (2000) Exemplifications in Communication: The Influence of Case Reports on the Perception of Issues. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Elrbaum Associates.
[2] BE06: The British English 2006 Corpus. 2008. Compiled by Paul Baker. Lancaster University.
[3] BROWN: A Standard Corpus of Present-Day Edited American English. 1964. Compiled by W. N. Francis and H. Kučera. Brown University.
[4] FLOB: Freiburg-Lob Corpus of British English. 1999. Compiled by Christian Mair. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.
[5] FROWN: Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English. 1999. Compiled by Christian Mair. AlbertLudwigs-Universität Freiburg.
[6] LOB: Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen Corpus. 1976, 1986. Compiled by Geoffrey Leech et al. Lancaster University, University of Oslo and University of Bergen.
[7] Aijmer, Karin (1997) I think: An English modal particle. In: Swan, Toril and Olaf Jansen Westvik (eds.) Modality in Germanic Languages. Historical and Comparative Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–47.
[8] Beeching, Kate and Ulrich Detges (2014) Introduction. In: Beeching, Kate and Ulrich Detges (eds.) Discourse Functions at the Left and Right Periphery. Crosslinguistic Investigations of Language Use and Language Change. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 1–23.
[9] Brinton, Laurel J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott (2005) Lexicalization and Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[10] Brosius, Hans Bernd and Anke Bathelt (1994) The utility of exemplars in persuasive communications. Communication Research 21, 48–78. | DOI 10.1177/009365094021001004
[11] Bybee, Joan (2003) Cognitive processes in grammaticalization. In: Tomasello, Michael (ed.) The New Psychology of Language. Cognitive and Functional Approaches to Language Structure. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 145–167.
[12] De Haan, Pieter (2005) Review of Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey Pullum's (eds.) The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. Reviewed in English Studies 86, 335–341.
[13] Degand, Liesbeth and Geertje van Bergen (2016) Discourse markers as turn-transition devices: Evidence from speech and instant messaging. Discourse Processes 00 (0), 1–25.
[14] Eggs, Ekkehard and Dermot McElholm (2013) Exemplifications, Selections and Argumentations. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH.
[15] Fanego, Teresa (2010) Paths in the development of elaborative discourse markers: Evidence from Spanish. In: Davidse, Kristin, Lieven Vandelanotte and Hubert Cuyckens (eds.) Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 197–237.
[16] Fernández-Bernárdez, Cristina (1994-1995) Marcadores textuales de 'ejemplificación' textual. Estudios de Lingüística 10, 103–144.
[17] Gibson, Rhonda and Dolf Zillmann (1994) Exaggerated versus representative exemplification in news reports: Perception of issues and personal consequences. Communication Research 21, 603–624. | DOI 10.1177/009365094021005003
[18] Haselow, Alexander (2015) Left vs. right periphery in grammaticalization. The case of anyway. In: Smith, Andrew D.M., Graeme Trousdale and Richard Waltereit (eds.) New Directions in Grammaticalization Research. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 157–186.
[19] Hoffmann, Sebastian (2005) Grammaticalization and English Complex Prepositions. A Corpusbased Study. London and New York: Routledge.
[20] Hopper, Paul J. (1991) On some principles of grammaticization. In: Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Bernd Heine (eds.) Approaches to Grammaticalization. Vol. I: Focus on Theoretical and Methodological Issues. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 17–35.
[21] Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott (2003) [1993]. Grammaticalization, 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[22] Hyland, Ken (2007) Applying a gloss: Exemplifying and reformulating in academia discourse. Applied Linguistics 28 (2), 266–285. | DOI 10.1093/applin/amm011
[23] Koktová, Eva (1986) Apposition as a pragmatic phenomenon in a functional description. University of East Anglia Papers in Linguistics 23, 39–79.
[24] König, Ekkehard and Bernd Kortmann (1991) On the reanalysis of verbs as prepositions. In: Rauh, Gisa (ed.) Approaches to Prepositions. Tűbingen: Gunter Narr, 109–125.
[25] Kuryłowicz, Jerzy (1975) Esquisses Linguistiques II. München: Wilhelm Fink.
[26] Langacker, Ronald Wayne (1977) Syntactic reanalysis. In: Li, Charles N. (ed.) Mechanisms of Syntactic Change. Austin: University of Texas Press, 57–139.
[27] Lehmann, Christian (2002) [1995]. Thoughts on Grammaticalization, 2nd edition. München/Newcastle: Lincom Europa. (First published as Thoughts on Grammaticalization: A Programmatic Sketch. No. 48 in the series Arbeiten des Kölner Universalien Projekts, University of Cologne, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft).
[28] Lightfoot, Douglas (2011) Grammaticalization and lexicalization. In: Narrog, Heiko and Bernd Heine (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 438–449.
[29] Lischinsky, Alon (2008) Examples as persuasive argument in popular management literature. Discourse and Communication 2, 243–269. | DOI 10.1177/1750481308091907
[30] Lyons, John D. (1989) Exemplum: The Rhetoric of Example in Early Modern France and Italy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
[31] Meyer, Charles F. (1992) Apposition in Contemporary English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[32] OED: Oxford English Dictionary. Online: http://www.oed.com/
[33] Perry, Stephen D. and William J. Gonzenbach (1997) Effects of news exemplification extended: Considerations of controversiality and perceived future opinion. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 41 (2), 229–244. | DOI 10.1080/08838159709364403
[34] Pullum, Geoffrey K. and Rodney Huddleston (2002) Prepositions and preposition phrases. In: Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.) The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 597–662.
[35] Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
[36] Rodríguez-Abruñeiras, Paula (2017) Exemplification then and now: A historical overview of English exemplifying markers. Miscelanea. A Journal of English and American Studies 55, 87–107.
[37] Stump, Gregory (2009) Derivation and function words. In: Rochelle, Lieber and Pavol Štekauer (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 317–137.
[38] Webber, Bonnie, Matthew Stone, Aravind Joshi and Alistair Knott (2003) Anaphora and discourse structure. Computational Linguistics 29 (4), 545–587. | DOI 10.1162/089120103322753347
[39] Wichmann, Anne, Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen and Karin Aijmer (2010) How prosody reflects semantic change: A synchronic case study of of course. In: Davidse, Kristin, Lieven Vandelanotte and Hubert Cuyckens (eds.) Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 103–154.
[40] Zillmann, Dolf and Hans-Bernd Brosius (2000) Exemplifications in Communication: The Influence of Case Reports on the Perception of Issues. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Elrbaum Associates.