Title: Role zvyku a racionalizace v morálním charakteru
Variant title:
- The role of habit and automation in moral character
Source document: Pro-Fil. 2021, vol. 22, iss. 2, pp. 1-13
Extent
1-13
-
ISSN1212-9097 (online)
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/pf21-2-2426
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/144821
Type: Article
Language
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
Ve své práci se v rámci aktualizace klasického Aristotelova konceptu morálního charakteru věnuji pojmu zvyku (habit) a otázce automatizace mentálních procesů. Dokazuji, že pojetí ctnosti jako zvyku, chápaného jako rutinní a zautomatizovaná činnost, při které nejsme schopni předložit skutečný důvod pro své jednání, není konzistentní s klasickou Aristotelovou teorií. Můj důkaz vychází z analýzy pojmu záměrná volba (proairésis) a za proponenty kritizovaného směru jsou představeni Bill Pollard a Matt Stichter. Větší část této práce pak věnuji filozofce Nancy Snowové a jejímu komplexnímu konceptu ctnosti, ve kterém mimo jiné navazuje na zvykové pojetí Pollarda a který spojuje s morální odborností (moral expertise). Namítám zde a dokazuji, že její odmítnutí zdůvodnění jednání jako podmínky ctnostného činu není vhodnou aktualizací klasického konceptu morálního charakteru, tj. není vhodným rozvedením ani adekvátní revizí tohoto konceptu. Na základě psychologického výzkumu odbornosti můžeme totiž předložit stejně tak dobré důvody, proč je možné a žádoucí, aby morální odborník svá jednání byl s to zdůvodnit.
In my article, as a part of an attempt to update Aristotle's classic concept of moral character, I address the concept of habit and the issue of automation of mental processes. I argue that the concept of virtue as a habit, understood as a routine and automated activity in which we are unable to present actual reasons for our actions, is not consistent with the classical theory of Aristotle. My argument is based on an analysis of the term 'deliberate choice' (proairésis) and I present Bill Pollard and Matt Stichter as the proponents of the criticized direction. However, I dedicate most of the paper to the philosopher Nancy Snow and her complex concept of virtue, in which she, among other things, follows the conception of Pollard, and which she connects with the notion of moral expertise. Here I make an objection and argue that her rejection of the justification for an action as a condition of a virtuous action is not a satisfactory update of the classical concept of moral character, i.e., it is not a suitable development or an adequate revision of the concept. On the basis of psychological research of expertise, we can present equally good reasons why it is possible and desirable for a moral expert to be able to justify his actions.
References
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[15] Sherman, N. (1989): The fabric of character: Aristotle's theory of virtue, Oxford University Press.
[16] Snow, N. (2010): Virtue as Social Intelligence: An Empirically Grounded Theory, Routledge.
[17] Snow, N. (2015): Comments on Intelligent Virtue: Outsmarting Situationism, Journal of Value Inquiry 49(1–2), 297–306, dostupné z: < https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1007/s10790-014-9476-3 >. | DOI 10.1007/s10790-014-9476-3
[18] Stichter, M. (2006): Ethical Expertise: The Skill Model of Virtue, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 10, 183–194, dostupné z: < https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1007/s10677-006-9054-2 >.
[2] Annas, J. (2011): Intelligent virtue, Oxford University Press.
[3] Aristotelés (2020): Etika Eudémova, dybbuk.
[4] Aristotelés (1996): Etika Níkomachova, Petr Rezek.
[5] Cooper, J. (1975): Reason and Human Good in Aristotle, Harvard University Press.
[6] Dreyfus, H. – Dreyfus, S. (1991): Towards a phenomenology of ethical expertise, Human Studies 14, 229–250, dostupné z: < https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/stable/20010937 >. | DOI 10.1007/BF02205607
[7] Endsley, M. (2018): Expertise and situation awareness, in Ericsson, K., Hoffman R. et al. (eds.) The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance, Cambridge University Press, 714–741.
[8] Ericsson, K. – Prietula, M. (2007): The Making of an Expert, Harvard Business Review, 115–121, dostupné z: < https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6196703_the_making_of_an_expert >.
[9] Ericsson, K. (2008): Deliberate practice and acquisition of expert performance, Academic Emergency Medicine 15(11), 988–994, dostupné z: < https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00227.x >.
[10] Ericsson, K. (2017): Expertise and individual differences the search for the structure and acquisition of experts' superior performance, WIREs Cognitive Science 8(1), dostupné z: < https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1002/wcs.1382 >. | DOI 10.1002/wcs.1382
[11] Moxley et al. (2012): The role of intuition and deliberative thinking in experts' superior tactical decision-making, Cognition 124(1), 72–78, dostupné z: < https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.03.005 >. | DOI 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.03.005
[12] Narvaez, D. – Lapsley, D. (2005): The Psychological Foundations of Everyday Morality and Moral Expertise, in Lapsley, D. – Power, C. (eds.) Character Psychology and Character Education, University of Notre Dame Press.
[13] Narvaez, D. – Bock, T. (2014): Developing ethical expertise and moral personalities, in Nucci, L., Narvaez, D. (eds.) Handbook of Moral and Character Education, Routledge.
[14] Pollard, B. (2003): Can Virtuous Actions be both Habitual and Rational?, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 6(4), 411–425, dostupné z: < https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/stable/27504280 >.
[15] Sherman, N. (1989): The fabric of character: Aristotle's theory of virtue, Oxford University Press.
[16] Snow, N. (2010): Virtue as Social Intelligence: An Empirically Grounded Theory, Routledge.
[17] Snow, N. (2015): Comments on Intelligent Virtue: Outsmarting Situationism, Journal of Value Inquiry 49(1–2), 297–306, dostupné z: < https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1007/s10790-014-9476-3 >. | DOI 10.1007/s10790-014-9476-3
[18] Stichter, M. (2006): Ethical Expertise: The Skill Model of Virtue, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 10, 183–194, dostupné z: < https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1007/s10677-006-9054-2 >.