Title: Pozitívna psychológia – nádej pre maladaptívne schémy?
Source document: Klinická psychologie a osobnost. 2013, vol. 2, iss. 2, pp. 31-42
Extent
31-42
-
ISSN1805-6393 (print)2336-4432 (online)
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/129906
Type: Article
Language
License: Not specified license
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
Maladaptívne schémy sú dysfunkčné vzorce myslenia a správania, ktoré vznikajú v ranom vývine jedinca na základe negatívnych skúseností a zážitkov (emočných zranení) s blízkymi osobami. Môže ísť tiež o naučené postoje a presvedčenia, alebo vzory správania, ktoré ako dieťa preberá od dôležitých ľudí vo svojom živote a nevedomo ich prenáša do svojho neskoršieho fungovania. Maladaptívne schémy sú hlboko zakotvené v kognitívnom, emočnom aj behaviorálnom systéme jednotlivca a bránia v prežívaní plnohodnotného a šťastného života. V príspevku sa zamýšľame nad možnosťami využitia pozitívnej psychológie pri otázkach vzniku a perzistencie dysfunkčných schém jednotlivca. K pozitívno-psychologickému pohľadu na problematiku schém nás paradoxne priviedlo štúdium dysfukčných kognícií, osobitne tzv. raných maladaptívnych schém J. E. Younga, žiaka a nasledovníka A. T. Becka, ktorého koncepciu v príspevku približujeme. V protiklade k negatívnemu dopadu takýchto schém na psychické zdravie a životnú spokojnosť jednotlivca ponúkame námety a inšpirácie pre pozitívnu vývinovú, školskú, klinickú a kognitívnu psychológiu, pričom sa domnievame sa, že ich využitie v oblasti pozitívnej psychológie by mohlo pomôcť postupne znižovať výskyt maladaptívnych schém, optimalizovať psychické fungovanie človeka, zvyšovať osobnostnú zrelosť i celkovo pozitívne prežívanie života v biodromálnej perspektíve.
Maladaptive schemas are dysfunctional patterns of thinking and behavior that occur during the early stages of individual development, due to negative experience (emotional harms) with close persons. They can also be acquired attitudes and beliefs or behavior patterns that a child takes from important people in his/her life and unconsciously adopts them into his/her later functioning. Maladaptive schemas are deeply embedded into the cognitive, emotional and behavioral system of an individual and they impede the experience of a full and happy life. The paper contemplates the possibilities of applying positive psychology in questions of formation and persistence of dysfunctional schemas of an individual. However, as a paradox, it was the study of dysfunctional cognitions and especially the so called early maladaptive schemas defined by J. E. Young, student and follower of A. T. Beck, whose concept is presented in the paper, that led us to the positivepsychological view of the problem of schemas. As opposed to the negative impact of such schemas on mental health and well-being, we suggest themes and inspiration for positive developmental, clinical, and cognitive psychology; application of these, in the field of positive psychology, could – as we presume – contribute to a gradual decrease of maladaptive schemas, optimization of mental human functioning, increase in personal maturity and overall positive life experience in biodromal perspective.
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[3] Beck, A. T. & Freeman, A. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Guilford.
[4] Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
[5] Bernstein, D. P. (2005). Schema therapy for personality disorders. In Strack, S. (Ed), Handbook of personology and psychopathology. New Jersey: Willey and Sons.
[6] Bricker, D. C. & Young, J. (1993). A Client's guide to schema therapy. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center.
[7] Cameron, M. (2010). Schema therapy. Stiahnuté 18. 9. 2010 z http://cognitivetherapy.me.uk/
[8] Driessen, M., Herrmann, J., Stahl, K., de Zwaan, M., Meier, S. & Hill, A. (2002). Magnetic resonance imaging volumes of the hippocampus and the amygdala in women with borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 1115–1122. | DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.57.12.1115
[9] Ellis, A. (1957). Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. Journal of Individual Psychology, 13, 38–44.
[10] Ellis, A. (1958). Rational psychotherapy. Journal of General Psychology, 59, 35–49. | DOI 10.1080/00221309.1958.9710170
[11] Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stuart.
[12] Ellis, A. (1963). Rational-emotive psychotherapy. New York: Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy.
[13] Ellis, A. (1975). How to Live with a "Neurotic": At Home and at Work. New York: Crown.
[14] Ellis, A. (1993). Changing rational-emotive therapy (RET) to rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Behavior Therapist, 16, 257–258.
[15] Ellis, A., & Dryden, W. (1987). The Practice of Rational-EmotiveTherapy. New York: Springer.
[16] Eysenck, M. M. & Keane, M. T. (1990). Cognitive psychology: A student's handbook. Lawrence Erlbaum.
[17] Horowitz, L.M., Kelly R. Wilson, K. R, Zolotsev, P. & Turan, B. (2008). Interpersonal theory and the measurement of interpersonal constructs. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G., Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment (Volume 2). London: Sage.
[18] Kordačová, J. (2002). Racionálno-emočná teória a edukácia v prevencii. In Kondáš, O. a kol., State z klinickej psychológie, (pp. 226–243). Trnava: Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda.
[19] Kordačová, J. (2013a, marec). Potreba kognitívnej štruktúry a dysfunkčné kognície – koncepčné východiská a prieniky. Príspevok prezentovaný na odbornom seminári Ústavu experimentálnej psychológie SAV, Bratislava.
[20] Kordačová, J. (2013b). Schémy na rozhraní kognitívnej, klinickej a pozitívnej psychológie. Čs. psychologie, (v tlači).
[21] Kondáš, O., & Kordačová, J. (2000). Iracionalita a jej hodnotenie. Bratislava: STIMUL.
[22] Mareš, J. (2001). Pozitivní psychologie: důvod k zamyšlení i výzva. Čs. psychologie, 45, 97–117.
[23] Praško, J., Možný, P., Šlepecký, M. a kolektív (2007). KBT psychických poruch. Praha: Triton.
[24] Praško, J., Seifertová, D., Horáček, J. & Höschl, C. (Eds.) (2008). Poruchy osobnosti. Praha: Portál (2. vyd.).
[25] Seligman, M. (2011). Flourish. A New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being – and How to Achieve Them. London: Nicolas Brealey Publ.
[26] Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Prečo múdri ľudia robia hlúposti? Bratislava: Ikar.
[27] Wagner, J. P. (1996). The enneagram spectrum of personality styles: An introductory guide. Metamorphous Press: Portland, Oregon.
[28] Widmayer, S. A. (2010). Schema theory: An introduction. Stiahnuté 3. 6. 2010, z http://www2.yk.psu.edu/~jlg18/506/SchemaTheory.pdf
[29] Wikipédia. (2010). [Vyhľadané 25. 6. 2010 na http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(psychology)]
[30] Young, J. E. & Klosko, J. S. (1994). Reinventing your life. New York: Plume Books.
[31] Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. & Weishaar, M. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford.