Title: (Re)constructed eloquence: rhetorical and pragmatic strategies in the speeches of Native Americans as reported by nineteenth-century commentators
Source document: Brno studies in English. 2015, vol. 41, iss. 1, pp. [5]-28
Extent
[5]-28
-
ISSN0524-6881 (print)1805-0867 (online)
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2015-1-1
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/134761
Type: Article
Language
License: Not specified license
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
This paper aims to discuss some rhetorical and pragmatic strategies that occur in the speeches of Native Americans as reported by nineteenth-century commentators. The materials under investigation range from reports in journals to speeches published in books. While such texts cannot of course be discussed as authentic materials strictu sensu, as speeches were transcribed, translated, and finally edited by Euro-American authors, they may nonetheless prove of great interest on account of their multiple significance: on the one hand commentators stress their validity and authenticity; on the other, they highlight the 'quaintness' of certain turns of phrases in the speeches they offer to their reading public, thus showing the (increasing) cultural distance of their subjects.
References
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[18] NADP Document R871003 (1872) "Report of a visit to Red Cloud". United States, Office of Indian Affairs. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary for the year 1871. Washington: Government Printing Office: 22–29.
[19] OED, The Oxford English Dictionary, http://www.oed.com.
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[23] Simpson, Alexander G. (1903) The Life of a Miner in Two Hemispheres. New York: The Abbey Press.
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[28] Barsh, Russell Lawrence (1993) "An American Heart of Darkness: The 1913 Expedition for American Indian Citizenship". Great Plains Quarterly 13, 91–115.
[29] Bellin, Joshua D. (2000) The Demon of the Continent. Indians and the Shaping of American Literature. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press.
[30] Bickham, Troy (2005) Savages within the Empire: Representations of American Indians in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Oxford: Clarendon.
[31] Bierwert, Crisca (1998) "Remembering Chief Seattle: Reversing Cultural Studies of a Vanishing Native American". American Indian Quarterly 22(3), 280–305. | DOI 10.2307/1184814
[32] Bross, Kristina (2001) "Dying Saints, Vanishing Savages. 'Dying Indian Speeches' in Colonial New England Literature". Early American Literature 36(3), 325–352. | DOI 10.1353/eal.2001.0024
[33] Busse, Ulrich and Axel Hübler (eds.) (2012) Investigations into the Meta-Communicative Lexicon of English. A Contribution to Historical Pragmatics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
[34] Calloway, Colin G. (2008) White People, Indians, and Highlanders. Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[35] Cartosio, Bruno (2008) "La tesi della frontiera tra mito e storia". Le frontiere del Far West. Forme di rappresentazione del grande mito americano, a cura di Stefano Rosso. Milano: Shake, 21–40.
[36] Cartosio, Bruno (2010) "Ways of the West: History and Literature / Fiction and Truth". In: Locatelli, Angela (ed.) The Knowledge of Literature IX. Bergamo: Bergamo University Press, 39–56.
[37] Clark, Gregory and Michael S. Halloran (eds.) (1993) Oratorical Culture in Nineteenth-Century America: Transformations in the Theory and Practice of Rhetoric. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
[38] Clements, William M. (1996) Native American Verbal Art: Texts and Contexts. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
[39] Clements, William M. (2002) Oratory in Native North America. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
[40] Dossena, Marina (2001) "The Voice of Witnesses in Nineteenth-Century Accounts of the Highland Clearances". Review of Scottish Culture 13, 40–50.
[41] Dossena, Marina (2006) "'The Cinic Scotomastic'?: Johnson, his Commentators, Scots, French, and the Story of English". Textus 19(1), Special issue on Samuel Johnson's Dictionary and the Eighteenth-century World of Words. Ed. Giovanni Iamartino and Robert DeMaria Jr., 51–68.
[42] Dossena, Marina (2010) "'Be pleased to report expressly': The Development of Public Style English in Nineteenth-century Business and Official Correspondence". In: Hickey, Raymond (ed.) Eighteenth-Century English. Ideology and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 293–308.
[43] Dossena, Marina (2013) "'John is a good Indian': Reflections on Native American Culture in Scottish Popular Writing of the Nineteenth Century". In: Sassi, Carla and Theo van Heijnsbergen (eds.) Within and Without Empire: Scotland Across the (Post)colonial Borderline. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 185–199.
[44] Elsasser, Albert B. (1977) "Mohave Indian Images and the Artist Maynard Dixon". The Journal of California Anthropology 4(1), 60–79.
[45] Ewers, John C. (1971) "Not Quite Redmen: The Plains Indian Illustrations of Felix O.C. Darley". American Art Journal 3(2), 88–98. | DOI 10.2307/1593911
[46] Fulford, Tim (2006) Romantic Indians: Native Americans, British Literature, and Transatlantic Culture 1756–1830. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[47] Ganter, Granville (2006) The Collected Speeches of Sagoyewatha, or Red Jacket. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
[48] Ganter, Granville (2009) "'Make Your Minds Perfectly Easy'. Sagoyewatha and the Great Law of the Haudenosaunee." Early American Literature 44(1), 121–146. | DOI 10.1353/eal.0.0040
[49] Gustafson, Sandra M. (2000) Eloquence is Power. Oratory and Performance in Early America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
[50] Guthrie, Thomas H. (2007) "Good Words: Chief Joseph and the Production of Indian Speech(es), Texts, and Subjects". Ethnohistory 54(3), 509–546. | DOI 10.1215/00141801-2007-005
[51] Hymes, Dell (2004) "In vain I tried to tell you". Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
[52] Johnson, Nan (1991) Nineteenth-century Rhetoric in North America. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
[53] Jucker, Andreas H. and Irma Taavitsainen (2013) English Historical Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
[54] Lepore, Jill (2001) "Wigwam Words". American Scholar 70(1), 97–108.
[55] MacLaren, I.S. (1989) "'I Came to Rite Thare Portraits': Paul Kane's Journal of His Western Travels, 1846-1848". American Art Journal 21(2), 7–22.
[56] McClure, J. Derrick. (1985) "The Pinkerton Syndrome". Chapman 41, 2–8; reprinted in McClure, J. Derrick (ed.) 1995 Scots and its Literature. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 57–67.
[57] McKellips, Karen K. (1992) "Educational Practices in two Nineteenth-century American Indian Mission Schools". Journal of American Indian Education 32(1), n.p.
[58] McNenly Scarangella, Linda (2014) "Foe, Friend, or Critic. Native Performers with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show and Discourses of Conquest and Friendship in Newspaper Reports". American Indian Quarterly 38(2), 143–176. | DOI 10.1353/aiq.2014.0022
[59] Merrell, James H. (2006) "'I Desire All That I Have Said ... May Be Taken down Aright': Revisiting Teedyuscung's 1756 Treaty Council Speeches". The William and Mary Quarterly 63(4), 777–826.
[60] Merrell, James H. (2013) "Conversations in the Woods: Western Pennsylvania, 1722–1762" In: DeLay, Brian (ed.) North American Borderlands. New York: Routledge, 59–87.
[61] Provenzo, Eugene F. Jr. and Gary N. McCloskey (1981) "Catholic and Federal Indian Education in the Late 19th Century: Opposed Colonial Models". Journal of American Indian Education 21(1), n.p.
[62] Read, David (2005) New World, Known World: Shaping Knowledge in Early Anglo-American Writing. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
[63] Saum, Lewis O. (1963) "The Fur Trader and the Noble Savage". American Quarterly 15(4), 554–571. | DOI 10.2307/2710973
[64] Sorber, Edna C. (1972) "The Noble Eloquent Savage". Ethnohistory 19(3), 227–236. | DOI 10.2307/480974
[65] Sorensen, Janet (2000) The Grammar of Empire in Eighteenth-Century British Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[66] Stevens, C. J. (1956) "Soul Savers, Grammarians, and the Red Man". American Speech 31(1), 40–51. | DOI 10.2307/454015
[67] Swiggers, Pierre (2009) "David Zeisberger's Description of Delaware Morphology". Historiographia Linguistica 36(2/3), 325–344. | DOI 10.1075/hl.36.2-3.08swi
[68] White, Craig (2003) "The Praying Indians' Speeches as Texts of Massachusett Oral Culture". Early American Literature 38(3), 437–467. | DOI 10.1353/eal.2003.0048
[69] Wyss, Hilary E. (2000) Writing Indians: Literacy, Christianity, and Native Community in Early America. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
[70] Young, Calvin M. (1917) Little Turtle (ME-SHE-KIN-NO-QUAH) The Great Chief of the Miami Indian Nation. Greenville: copyrighted by C.M. Young.
[2] Anon. (1854) Stories about Indians. Concord, NH: Merriam & Merrill
[3] Behne, C. Ted (ed.) (2010) The Travel Journals of Tappan Adney, 1887–1890. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions.
[4] Campbell, John Francis (1876) My Circular Notes. Extracts from Journals, Letters Sent Home, Geological and Other Notes, Written while Travelling Westwards Round the World, from July 6, 1874, to July 6, 1875. Two vols. London: Macmillan & Co.
[5] Carnegie, James, Earl of Southesk (1875) Saskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains: A Diary and Narrative of Travel, Sport, and Adventure during a Journey through the Hudson's Bay Company's Territories in 1859 and 1860. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas.
[6] Colden, Cadwallader (1747) The History of the Five Nations of Canada. London: Printed for T. Osborne.
[7] Dixon, Joseph K. (1913) The Vanishing Race. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, & Co.
[8] Drake, Samuel Gardner (1833) The Book of the Indians of North America. Boston: Josiah Drake.
[9] Drake, Samuel Gardner (1837) Biography and History of the Indians of North America. Boston: Antiquarian Institute.
[10] Eliot, John (1666) The Indian Grammar Begun: Or, an Essay to Bring the Indian Language Into Rules, for Help of Such As Desire to Learn the Same, for the Furtherance of the Gospel Among Them. Cambridge: Printed by Marmaduke Johnson.
[11] Fisher, William, compiler (1812) New Travels among the Indians of North America […] containing a Variety of Very Pleasant Anecdotes, Remarkably Calculated to Amuse and Inform the Mind of Every Curious Reader; with a Dictionary of the Indian Tongue. Philadelphia: J. Sharan.
[12] Holditch, Robert (1818) The Emigrant's Guide to the United States of America. London: Printed for William Hone.
[13] Johnson, Samuel (1759) The Idler 81 (3 Nov. 1759)
[14] Johnston, John (1820) "Account of the Present State of the Indian Tribes Inhabiting Ohio". Archaeologia Americana: Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society 1: 269–299.
[15] Lossing, Benson J. (1870) "Our Barbarian Brethren". Harper's New Monthly Magazine 40 (240, May 1870), 793–811.
[16] Macaulay, James (1872) Across the Ferry: First Impressions of America and its People. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
[17] McIntosh, John (1853[1843]) The Origins of the North American Indians: With a Faithful Description of their Manners and Customs, both Civil and Military, their Religions, Languages, Dress and Ornaments. New edition. New York: Nafis and Cornish.
[18] NADP Document R871003 (1872) "Report of a visit to Red Cloud". United States, Office of Indian Affairs. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary for the year 1871. Washington: Government Printing Office: 22–29.
[19] OED, The Oxford English Dictionary, http://www.oed.com.
[20] Ruxton, George F. (1848) "Life in the Far West". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine 63-64, passim.
[21] Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe (1851) Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co.
[22] Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe (1857) Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co.
[23] Simpson, Alexander G. (1903) The Life of a Miner in Two Hemispheres. New York: The Abbey Press.
[24] Sproat, Gilbert Malcolm (1868) Scenes and Studies of Savage Life. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
[25] Stevenson, Robert Louis (1892) Across the Plains. With Other Memories and Essays. London: Chatto & Windus.
[26] Williams, Roger (1643) A Key into the Language of America: Or, An Help to the Language of the Natives in that part of America, called New England. London: printed by Gregory Dexter.
[27] Alves, Jaime Osterman (2009) Fictions of Female Education in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Routledge.
[28] Barsh, Russell Lawrence (1993) "An American Heart of Darkness: The 1913 Expedition for American Indian Citizenship". Great Plains Quarterly 13, 91–115.
[29] Bellin, Joshua D. (2000) The Demon of the Continent. Indians and the Shaping of American Literature. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press.
[30] Bickham, Troy (2005) Savages within the Empire: Representations of American Indians in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Oxford: Clarendon.
[31] Bierwert, Crisca (1998) "Remembering Chief Seattle: Reversing Cultural Studies of a Vanishing Native American". American Indian Quarterly 22(3), 280–305. | DOI 10.2307/1184814
[32] Bross, Kristina (2001) "Dying Saints, Vanishing Savages. 'Dying Indian Speeches' in Colonial New England Literature". Early American Literature 36(3), 325–352. | DOI 10.1353/eal.2001.0024
[33] Busse, Ulrich and Axel Hübler (eds.) (2012) Investigations into the Meta-Communicative Lexicon of English. A Contribution to Historical Pragmatics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
[34] Calloway, Colin G. (2008) White People, Indians, and Highlanders. Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[35] Cartosio, Bruno (2008) "La tesi della frontiera tra mito e storia". Le frontiere del Far West. Forme di rappresentazione del grande mito americano, a cura di Stefano Rosso. Milano: Shake, 21–40.
[36] Cartosio, Bruno (2010) "Ways of the West: History and Literature / Fiction and Truth". In: Locatelli, Angela (ed.) The Knowledge of Literature IX. Bergamo: Bergamo University Press, 39–56.
[37] Clark, Gregory and Michael S. Halloran (eds.) (1993) Oratorical Culture in Nineteenth-Century America: Transformations in the Theory and Practice of Rhetoric. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
[38] Clements, William M. (1996) Native American Verbal Art: Texts and Contexts. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
[39] Clements, William M. (2002) Oratory in Native North America. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
[40] Dossena, Marina (2001) "The Voice of Witnesses in Nineteenth-Century Accounts of the Highland Clearances". Review of Scottish Culture 13, 40–50.
[41] Dossena, Marina (2006) "'The Cinic Scotomastic'?: Johnson, his Commentators, Scots, French, and the Story of English". Textus 19(1), Special issue on Samuel Johnson's Dictionary and the Eighteenth-century World of Words. Ed. Giovanni Iamartino and Robert DeMaria Jr., 51–68.
[42] Dossena, Marina (2010) "'Be pleased to report expressly': The Development of Public Style English in Nineteenth-century Business and Official Correspondence". In: Hickey, Raymond (ed.) Eighteenth-Century English. Ideology and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 293–308.
[43] Dossena, Marina (2013) "'John is a good Indian': Reflections on Native American Culture in Scottish Popular Writing of the Nineteenth Century". In: Sassi, Carla and Theo van Heijnsbergen (eds.) Within and Without Empire: Scotland Across the (Post)colonial Borderline. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 185–199.
[44] Elsasser, Albert B. (1977) "Mohave Indian Images and the Artist Maynard Dixon". The Journal of California Anthropology 4(1), 60–79.
[45] Ewers, John C. (1971) "Not Quite Redmen: The Plains Indian Illustrations of Felix O.C. Darley". American Art Journal 3(2), 88–98. | DOI 10.2307/1593911
[46] Fulford, Tim (2006) Romantic Indians: Native Americans, British Literature, and Transatlantic Culture 1756–1830. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[47] Ganter, Granville (2006) The Collected Speeches of Sagoyewatha, or Red Jacket. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
[48] Ganter, Granville (2009) "'Make Your Minds Perfectly Easy'. Sagoyewatha and the Great Law of the Haudenosaunee." Early American Literature 44(1), 121–146. | DOI 10.1353/eal.0.0040
[49] Gustafson, Sandra M. (2000) Eloquence is Power. Oratory and Performance in Early America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
[50] Guthrie, Thomas H. (2007) "Good Words: Chief Joseph and the Production of Indian Speech(es), Texts, and Subjects". Ethnohistory 54(3), 509–546. | DOI 10.1215/00141801-2007-005
[51] Hymes, Dell (2004) "In vain I tried to tell you". Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
[52] Johnson, Nan (1991) Nineteenth-century Rhetoric in North America. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
[53] Jucker, Andreas H. and Irma Taavitsainen (2013) English Historical Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
[54] Lepore, Jill (2001) "Wigwam Words". American Scholar 70(1), 97–108.
[55] MacLaren, I.S. (1989) "'I Came to Rite Thare Portraits': Paul Kane's Journal of His Western Travels, 1846-1848". American Art Journal 21(2), 7–22.
[56] McClure, J. Derrick. (1985) "The Pinkerton Syndrome". Chapman 41, 2–8; reprinted in McClure, J. Derrick (ed.) 1995 Scots and its Literature. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 57–67.
[57] McKellips, Karen K. (1992) "Educational Practices in two Nineteenth-century American Indian Mission Schools". Journal of American Indian Education 32(1), n.p.
[58] McNenly Scarangella, Linda (2014) "Foe, Friend, or Critic. Native Performers with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show and Discourses of Conquest and Friendship in Newspaper Reports". American Indian Quarterly 38(2), 143–176. | DOI 10.1353/aiq.2014.0022
[59] Merrell, James H. (2006) "'I Desire All That I Have Said ... May Be Taken down Aright': Revisiting Teedyuscung's 1756 Treaty Council Speeches". The William and Mary Quarterly 63(4), 777–826.
[60] Merrell, James H. (2013) "Conversations in the Woods: Western Pennsylvania, 1722–1762" In: DeLay, Brian (ed.) North American Borderlands. New York: Routledge, 59–87.
[61] Provenzo, Eugene F. Jr. and Gary N. McCloskey (1981) "Catholic and Federal Indian Education in the Late 19th Century: Opposed Colonial Models". Journal of American Indian Education 21(1), n.p.
[62] Read, David (2005) New World, Known World: Shaping Knowledge in Early Anglo-American Writing. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
[63] Saum, Lewis O. (1963) "The Fur Trader and the Noble Savage". American Quarterly 15(4), 554–571. | DOI 10.2307/2710973
[64] Sorber, Edna C. (1972) "The Noble Eloquent Savage". Ethnohistory 19(3), 227–236. | DOI 10.2307/480974
[65] Sorensen, Janet (2000) The Grammar of Empire in Eighteenth-Century British Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[66] Stevens, C. J. (1956) "Soul Savers, Grammarians, and the Red Man". American Speech 31(1), 40–51. | DOI 10.2307/454015
[67] Swiggers, Pierre (2009) "David Zeisberger's Description of Delaware Morphology". Historiographia Linguistica 36(2/3), 325–344. | DOI 10.1075/hl.36.2-3.08swi
[68] White, Craig (2003) "The Praying Indians' Speeches as Texts of Massachusett Oral Culture". Early American Literature 38(3), 437–467. | DOI 10.1353/eal.2003.0048
[69] Wyss, Hilary E. (2000) Writing Indians: Literacy, Christianity, and Native Community in Early America. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
[70] Young, Calvin M. (1917) Little Turtle (ME-SHE-KIN-NO-QUAH) The Great Chief of the Miami Indian Nation. Greenville: copyrighted by C.M. Young.