Language policies in Norway and Galicia : comparing the impact of diglossic situations on policy strategies in two European communities

Title: Language policies in Norway and Galicia : comparing the impact of diglossic situations on policy strategies in two European communities
Author: Hanto, Kristian
Source document: Brünner Beiträge zur Germanistik und Nordistik. 2016, vol. 30, iss. 1, pp. 131-150
Extent
131-150
  • ISSN
    1803-7380 (print)
    2336-4408 (online)
Type: Article
Language
License: Not specified license
 

Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.

Abstract(s)
Linguistic realities in Norway and Galicia have much in common. The situations are in many ways similar, though in some important ways different. Still, the two communities can represent cases for a study of how language policy and national identity-making relate to each other, in a situation with two closely related and competing written languages. This text tries to give a survey of the linguistic ambiguities and twofoldednesses of the two communities, and into how this affects policy practices in Galicia and Norway. The linguistic concept of diglossia is introduced, to describe the typical situation of political and structural relations between a dominating and a dominated language. The dilemmas in both communities can be seen as the ones of proximity and distance, of independence and cooperation. This goes for both language and language policy, and linguistic and cultural identities. "If we stay quiet and don't move, maybe the problem goes away" may from time to time be more of a rule than the exception in government behaviour, when it comes to language policy. "United in diversity" seems to be both a slogan and a strategy, when authorities try to come to Solomonic solutions of the sometimes "hot" language challenges.
References
[1] ANDERSON, B. (2006). Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.

[2] BESWICK, J. (2007). Regional nationalism in Spain: language use and ethnic identity in Galicia. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.

[3] BJØRHUSDAL, E. (2012). Forskarliv. Jostedalsrypa. Retrieved from http://archive-no.com/no/j/jostedalsrypa.no/2012-11-13_641504_13/Jostedalsrypa_middot_Utlevering/

[4] BROWN, K., & ANDERSON, A. H. (2005). Encyclopedia of language and linguistics: Elsevier.

[5] CASTILLO LLUCH, M., & KABATEK, J. (2006). Las Lenguas de España: politica lingüistica, sociología del lenguaje e ideología desde la transición hasta la actualidad. Madrid: Iberoamericana.

[6] Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe. Retrieved from http://www.culturalpolicies.net/web/index.php

[7] The "Compendium": an Overview. Retrieved from javascript:dp(‚http://www.culturalpolicies.net/down/grid/compendium_structure_english.pdf‚)

[8] Constitución Española. (1978, 27.09.2011). Retrieved from http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/constitucion.tp.html#a3

[9] Dictionary.com. (2014). In Dictionary.com (Ed.): Dictionary.com.

[10] DUELUND, P., KANGAS, A., BAKKE, M., & SIRNES, T. (2003). The Nordic cultural model. Copenhagen: Nordic Cultural Institute.

[11] Enquisa de condicións de vida das familias. Coñecemento e uso do galego. Retrieved from http://www.ige.eu/web/mostrar_actividade_estatistica.jsp?idioma=gl&codigo=0206004

[12] Europe/ERICarts, C. o. (2016). Linguistic Diversity and Media Programming. "Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 17th edition". Retrieved from http://www.culturalpolicies.net/web/comparisons-tables.php?aid=32&cid=45&lid=en

[13] FASOLD, R. W. (1984). The sociolinguistics of society (Vol. 1). Oxford: Blackwell.

[14] FERGUSON, C. (1959). Diglossia. Word(15), 325–340.

[15] FERNÁNDEZ REI, F. (1990). Dialectoloxía da lingua galega. Vigo: Xerais de Galicia.

[16] FISHMAN, J. A., & García, O. (2010). Handbook of language & ethnic identity. New York: Oxford University Press.

[17] FREIXEIRO, S. (2007). Percentage of Galician speakers. Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Percentage_of_Galician_speakers_%28corrected%29.PNG

[18] GELLNER, E. (1965). Thought and change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

[19] GREPSTAD, O. (2010). Språkfakta 2010 Retrieved from http://www.aasentunet.no/iaa/no/sprak/sprakfakta/Spr%C3%A5kfakta+2010.d25-SwlrG27.ips

[20] GUAN, L. H. a. S., Leo. (2007). Language, Nation and Development in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

[21] HAUGEN, E., & Gundersen, D. (1968). Riksspråk og folkemål: norsk språkpolitikk i det 20. århundre. [Oslo]: Universitetsforlaget.

[22] HEYERDAL, N. (2012). Sterkere søkelys på NRKs språkstatistikk. Retrieved from http://archiveno.com/page/4337388/2014-07-23/http://www.riksmalsforbundet.no/Ordet/Arkivet.aspx?PID=124&M=NewsV2&Action=1&NewsId=955&Printerfriendly=1

[23] HUTCHINSON, J. (1999). Re-Interpreting Cultural Nationalism. Australian Journal of Politics & History, 45(3), 392. | DOI 10.1111/1467-8497.00072

[24] JAHR, E. H. (1994). Utsyn over norsk språkhistorie etter 1814. Oslo: Novus.

[25] Jamstellingsvedtaket. Retrieved from http://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Jamstellingsvedtaket

[26] Koiné language. (2016). Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language

[27] Languages of Spain and Portugal. (2012). Sima Brankov Linguistic Maps Retrieved from http://languagemaps.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/spain414.png

[28] Lov om målbruk i offentleg teneste. Retrieved from http://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1980- 04-11-5

[29] LÄHDESMÄKI, T. (2011). Rhetoric of unity and cultural diversity in the making of European cultural identity. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 18(1), 59–75. DOI 10.1080/10286632.2011.561335 |

[30] MAR-MOLINERO, C., & SMITH, A. (1996). Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian Peninsula: competing and conflicting identities. Oxford: Berg.

[31] MARIÑO PAZ, R. (2008). Historia de la lengua gallega. München: LINCOM Europa.

[32] MILLAR, R. M. (2005). Language, nation, and power: an introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[33] MULCAHY, K. V. (2006). Cultural Policy: Definitions and Theoretical Approaches. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 35(4), 319-330. | DOI 10.3200/JAML.35.4.319-330

[34] Norge. (2008). Mål og meining : ein heilskapleg norsk språkpolitikk (Vol. nr 35 (2007-2008)). Oslo: Departementet.

[35] NYMARK, J., & Theil, R. (2011). Dei ukuelege språka: språkpolitikk og språksituasjonar (Vol. nr. 187). Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.

[36] O Estatuto de Autonomía de Galicia. (1981). Retrieved from http://www.xunta.es/estatuto/titulopreliminar

[37] Pinterest.com. (2016). Languages of Norway. Retrieved from https://no.pinterest.com/pin/383580093239665978/

[38] SOKKA, S., & KANGAS, A. (2007). Intellectuals, nationalism, and the arts. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 13(2), 185-202. DOI 10.1080/10286630701342865 |

[39] St.meld. nr. 9 (2001-2002) (2001). Retrieved from http://www.regjeringen.no/nn/dep/kud/dokument/proposisjonar-og-meldingar/stortingsmeldingar/20012002/stmeld-nr-9-2001-2002-.html?id=195336

[40] TORP, A. (1998). Nordiske språk i nordisk og germansk perspektiv. Oslo: Novus forl.

[41] TORP, A., & Vikør, L. S. (2014). Hovuddrag i norsk språkhistorie. Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.

[42] WEBER, M., & Engelstad, F. (1999). Verdi og handling. Oslo: Pax.

[43] WEI, L. (Ed.) (2007). The Bilingualism reader. London: Routledge.