Název: Dialect and vernacular features in Late Modern English correspondence : beginnings of a quest
Zdrojový dokument: Brno studies in English. 2010, roč. 36, č. 1, s. [5]-27
Rozsah
[5]-27
-
ISSN0524-6881 (print)1805-0867 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/105096
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: Neurčená licence
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
In this contribution I intend to discuss some important methodological issues concerning the study of so-called "non-standard" features in Late Modern English (LModE) documents; for instance, among such issues, we can include the place of perceptual dialectology, as labels like prescriptivism and normativity cannot be fully understood without taking into consideration the speakers' self-consciousness deriving from the (covert) prestige of certain varieties in relation to others. In addition to addressing some terminological points, I will stress the importance of studying authentic manuscripts, as it is only when we access original texts and manuscripts that we can go beyond the layers of interpretation added by later editors, and perhaps discover new perspectives from details that had been overlooked. The contribution will deal with a range of texts encoded by people of varying education levels, in order to highlight the different methodological problems under discussion; special attention will finally be given to correspondence, on account of its validity as a source of (relatively) spontaneous usage.
Reference
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[2] Anon. (1808) Satan's Warehouse Door. Glasgow: printed by A. Napier.
[3] Anon. (1828) Scotland's Skaith; or, the Sad Effects of Drunkenness Exemplified in the History of Will and Jean. Glasgow: printed for the Booksellers.
[4] Anon. (n.d.) Anecdotes. Glasgow: Inglis.
[5] Booth, Bradford A. and Ernest Mehew (eds.) (1994/1995). The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson. New Haven: Yale University Press.
[6] Cockburn, Henry (1856 [1971]) Memorials of His Time. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black & James Thin.
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[16] Bailey, Richard (1996) Nineteenth-century English. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
[17] Beal, Joan C. (2004) English in Modern Times. London: Arnold.
[18] Brownlees, Nicholas (2009) 'Welsh English in English Civil War Pamphlets'. In: Dossena, Marina and Roger Lass (eds.) Studies in English and European Historical Dialectology. Bern: Peter Lang, 209–231.
[19] Del Lungo Camiciotti, Gabriella (2006) '"Conduct yourself towards all persons on every occasion with civility and in a wise and prudent manner; this will render you esteemed": Stance Features in Nineteenth-century Business Letters'. In: Dossena, Marina and Susan M. Fitzmaurice (eds.) Business and Official Correspondence: Historical Investigations. Bern: Peter Lang, 153–174.
[20] Dollinger, Stefan (2008) 'Colonial Variation in the Late Modern English business letter: 'Periphery and Core' or 'Random Variation'?" In: Dossena, Marina and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds.) Studies in Late Modern English Correspondence: Methodology and Data. Bern: Peter Lang, 257–287.
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[24] Dossena, Marina (2004) 'Towards a Corpus of Nineteenth-century Scottish Correspondence'. Linguistica e Filologia 18, 195–214.
[25] Dossena, Marina (2005) Scotticisms in Grammar and Vocabulary. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
[26] Dossena, Marina (2006a) "'The Cinic Scotomastic'?: Johnson, his Commentators, Scots, French, and the Story of English". Textus 19(1), 51–68.
[27] Dossena, Marina (2006b) 'Forms of Self-representation in Nineteenth-century Business Letters'. In: Dossena, Marina and Irma Taavitsainen (eds.) Diachronic Perspectives on Domain-Specific English. Bern: Peter Lang, 173–190.
[28] Dossena, Marina (2008a) 'When Antiquarians Looked at the Thistle – Late Modern Views of Scotland's Linguistic Heritage'. The Bottle Imp 4, 1–3. http://www.thebottleimp.org.uk.
[29] Dossena, Marina (2008b) 'Imitatio literae. Scottish Emigrants' Letters and Long-distance Interaction'. In: Kermas, Susan and Maurizio Gotti (eds.) Partly-schooled Writing of the Nineteenth Century. Socially-conditioned Language Change in a Diachronic Perspective. Lecce: Edizioni del Grifo, 79–96.
[30] Dossena, Marina (2009) 'Language Attitudes and Choice in the Scottish Reformation'. In: Gribben, Crawford and David George Mullan (eds.) Literature and the Scottish Reformation. Farnham: Ashgate, 45–62.
[31] Dossena, Marina (In preparation) "'Here's a bit checky, chuckie': Humorous Discourse in Late Modern English Correspondence".
[32] Dossena, Marina and Charles Jones (eds.) (2003) Insights into Late Modern English. Bern: Peter Lang.
[33] Dury, Richard (2006) 'A Corpus of Nineteenth-Century Business Correspondence: Methodology of Transcription'. In: Dossena, Marina and Susan M. Fitzmaurice (eds.) Business and Official Correspondence: Historical Investigations. Bern: Peter Lang, 193–205.
[34] Dury, Richard (2008) 'Handwriting and the Linguistic Study of Letters'. In: Dossena, Marina and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds.) Studies in Late Modern English Correspondence: Methodology and Data. Bern: Peter Lang, 113–135.
[35] Elspaß, Stephan (2002) 'Standard German in the Nineteenth-century? (Counter-)Evidence from the Private Correspondence of "Ordinary People"'. In: Linn, Andrew R. and Nicola McLelland (eds.) Standardization. Studies from the Germanic Languages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 43–65.
[36] Elspaß, Stephan, Nils Langer, Joachim Scharloth and Wim Vandenbussche (eds.) (2007) Germanic Language Histories from Below (1700–2000). Berlin: De Gruyter.
[37] Fairman, Tony (2007) '"Lower-Order" Letters, Schooling and the English Language, 1795 to 1834'. In: Elspaß, Stephan, Nils Langer, Joachim Scharloth and Wim Vandenbussche (eds.) Germanic Language Histories from Below (1700–2000)//. Berlin: De Gruyter, 31–43.
[38] Fens-de Zeeuw, Lyda (2008) 'The Letter-writing Manual in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: from Polite to Practical'. In: Dossena, Marina and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds.) Studies in Late Modern English Correspondence: Methodology and Data. Bern: Peter Lang, 163–192.
[39] Görlach, Manfred (1999) English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[40] Harris, Bob (2007) 'The Press, Newspaper Fiction and Literary Journalism, 1707–1918'. In: Brown Ian et al. (eds.) The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 308–316.
[41] James, Louis (1976 [1978]) Print and the People 1819–1851. London: Peregrine Books.
[42] Jones, Charles and Wilson McLeod (2007) 'Standards and Differences: Languages in Scotland, 1707–1918'. In: Brown Ian et al. (eds.) The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 21–32.
[43] Kytö, Merja, Mats Rydén and Erik Smitterberg (eds.) (2006) Nineteenth-Century English. Stability and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[44] Labov, William (1981) 'Field Methods used by the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation'. Sociolinguistic Working Paper 81. Austin, Texas, South Western Educational Development Laboratory.
[45] Laing, Margaret (2004) 'Multidimensionality: Time, Space and Stratigraphy in Historical Dialectology'. In: Dossena, Marina and Roger Lass (eds.) Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology. Bern: Peter Lang, 49–96.
[46] Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass (2006) 'Early Middle English Dialectology: Problems and Prospects'. In: van Kemenade, Ans and Bettelou Los (eds.) The Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Blackwell, 417–451.
[47] Law, Alexander (1983) 'Scottish Schoolbooks of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries'. Studies in Scottish Literature 18, 1–32.
[48] Manning, Susan (2007) 'Post-Union Scotland and the Scottish Idiom of Britishness'. In: Brown, Ian et al. (eds.) The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 47–56.
[49] McCafferty, Kevin (2008) 'On the trail of 'intolerable Scoto-Hibernic jargon': Ulster English, Irish English and Dialect Hygiene in William Carleton's Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry (First Series, 1830)'. In: Dossena, Marina, Richard Dury and Maurizio Gotti (eds.) English Historical Linguistics 2006. Volume III: Geo-Historical Variation in English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 171–184.
[50] Milroy, Lesley (1987 [1989]) Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.
[51] Pérez-Guerra, Javier, Dolores González-Álvarez, Jorge Bueno-Alonso and Esperanza Rama-Martínez (eds.) (2007) 'Of Varying Language and Opposing Creed': New Insights into Late Modern English. Bern: Peter Lang.
[52] Porter, Gerald (1999) 'The Ideology of Misrepresentation: Scots in English Broadsides'. In: Taavitsainen, Irma, Gunnel Melchers and Päivi Pahta (eds.) Writing in Nonstandard English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 361–374.
[53] Shepard, Leslie (1973) The History of Street Literature. The Story of Broadside Ballads, Chapbooks, Proclamations, News-sheets, Election Bills, Tracts, Pamphlets, Cocks, Catchpennies, and other Ephemera. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
[54] Smout, T.C. (2007) 'Scotland as North Britain: The Historical Background, 1707–1918'. In: Brown, Ian et al. (eds.) The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1–11.
[55] Sorensen, Janet (2003) '"Wow" and Other Cries in the Night: Fergusson's Vernacular, Scots Talking Heads, and Unruly Bodies'. In: Crawford, Robert (ed.) Heaven-Taught Fergusson. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 117–131.
[56] Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (2003) 'Lowth's Language'. In: Dossena, Marina and Charles Jones (eds.) Insights into Late Modern English. Bern: Peter Lang, 241–264.
[57] Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (2005) 'Eighteenth-Century English Letters: In Search of the Vernacular'. Linguistica e Filologia 21, 113–146.
[58] Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid and Wim van der Wurff (eds.) (2009) Current Issues in Late Modern English. Bern: Peter Lang.
[59] Wal, van der, Marijke (2007) 'Eighteenth-century Linguistic Variation from the Perspective of a Dutch Diary and a Collection of Private Letters'. In: Elspaß, Stephan, Nils Langer, Joachim Scharloth and Wim Vandenbussche (eds.) Germanic Language Histories from Below (1700–2000). Berlin: De Gruyter, 83–96.
[60] Williamson, Karina (2007) 'The Emergence of Privacy: Letters, Journals and Domestic Writing'. In: Brown, Ian et al. (eds.) The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 57–70.
[2] Anon. (1808) Satan's Warehouse Door. Glasgow: printed by A. Napier.
[3] Anon. (1828) Scotland's Skaith; or, the Sad Effects of Drunkenness Exemplified in the History of Will and Jean. Glasgow: printed for the Booksellers.
[4] Anon. (n.d.) Anecdotes. Glasgow: Inglis.
[5] Booth, Bradford A. and Ernest Mehew (eds.) (1994/1995). The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson. New Haven: Yale University Press.
[6] Cockburn, Henry (1856 [1971]) Memorials of His Time. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black & James Thin.
[7] Grose, Francis (1811) A Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. London: printed for C. Chappel.
[8] Innes, Thomas (1729) A Critical Essay of the Ancient Inhabitants of the Northern Parts of Britain, or Scotland. London: Printed for William Innys, at the West End of St.Paul's.
[9] Jamieson, John (1808) Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language. Edinburgh: Printed at the University Press for W. Creech, A. Constable, and W. Blackwood.
[10] Landsborough, David (1828) Arran. Edinburgh: Blackwood.
[11] Lees, James Cameron (1889) St. Giles', Edinburgh: Church, College, and Cathedral. From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers.
[12] Sibbald, Robert (1710) The History, Ancient and Modern, of the Sheriffdoms of Fife and Kinross. Edinburgh: Printed by James Watson, for the author.
[13] Strathesk, John (ed.) (1888) Hawkie. The Autobiography of a Gangrel. Glasgow: Robertson.
[14] Archer, Dawn (2005) Questions and Answers in the English Courtroom (1640–1760). A Sociopragmatic Analysis. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
[15] Auer, Peter (2005) 'Europe's Sociolinguistic Unity, or: A Typology of European Dialect/Standard Constellations'. In: Delbecque, Nicole, Johan van der Auwera and Dirk Geeraerts (eds.) Perspectives on Variation. Sociolinguistic, Historical, Comparative. Berlin: Mouton, 7–42.
[16] Bailey, Richard (1996) Nineteenth-century English. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
[17] Beal, Joan C. (2004) English in Modern Times. London: Arnold.
[18] Brownlees, Nicholas (2009) 'Welsh English in English Civil War Pamphlets'. In: Dossena, Marina and Roger Lass (eds.) Studies in English and European Historical Dialectology. Bern: Peter Lang, 209–231.
[19] Del Lungo Camiciotti, Gabriella (2006) '"Conduct yourself towards all persons on every occasion with civility and in a wise and prudent manner; this will render you esteemed": Stance Features in Nineteenth-century Business Letters'. In: Dossena, Marina and Susan M. Fitzmaurice (eds.) Business and Official Correspondence: Historical Investigations. Bern: Peter Lang, 153–174.
[20] Dollinger, Stefan (2008) 'Colonial Variation in the Late Modern English business letter: 'Periphery and Core' or 'Random Variation'?" In: Dossena, Marina and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds.) Studies in Late Modern English Correspondence: Methodology and Data. Bern: Peter Lang, 257–287.
[21] Donaldson, William (1986) Popular Literature in Victorian Scotland. Language, Fiction and the Press. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
[22] Donaldson, William (1989) The Language of the People. Scots Prose from the Victorian Revival. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
[23] Dossena, Marina (2003) 'Modality and Argumentative Discourse in the Darien Pamphlets'. In: Dossena, Marina and Charles Jones (eds.) Insights into Late Modern English. Bern: Peter Lang, 283–310.
[24] Dossena, Marina (2004) 'Towards a Corpus of Nineteenth-century Scottish Correspondence'. Linguistica e Filologia 18, 195–214.
[25] Dossena, Marina (2005) Scotticisms in Grammar and Vocabulary. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
[26] Dossena, Marina (2006a) "'The Cinic Scotomastic'?: Johnson, his Commentators, Scots, French, and the Story of English". Textus 19(1), 51–68.
[27] Dossena, Marina (2006b) 'Forms of Self-representation in Nineteenth-century Business Letters'. In: Dossena, Marina and Irma Taavitsainen (eds.) Diachronic Perspectives on Domain-Specific English. Bern: Peter Lang, 173–190.
[28] Dossena, Marina (2008a) 'When Antiquarians Looked at the Thistle – Late Modern Views of Scotland's Linguistic Heritage'. The Bottle Imp 4, 1–3. http://www.thebottleimp.org.uk.
[29] Dossena, Marina (2008b) 'Imitatio literae. Scottish Emigrants' Letters and Long-distance Interaction'. In: Kermas, Susan and Maurizio Gotti (eds.) Partly-schooled Writing of the Nineteenth Century. Socially-conditioned Language Change in a Diachronic Perspective. Lecce: Edizioni del Grifo, 79–96.
[30] Dossena, Marina (2009) 'Language Attitudes and Choice in the Scottish Reformation'. In: Gribben, Crawford and David George Mullan (eds.) Literature and the Scottish Reformation. Farnham: Ashgate, 45–62.
[31] Dossena, Marina (In preparation) "'Here's a bit checky, chuckie': Humorous Discourse in Late Modern English Correspondence".
[32] Dossena, Marina and Charles Jones (eds.) (2003) Insights into Late Modern English. Bern: Peter Lang.
[33] Dury, Richard (2006) 'A Corpus of Nineteenth-Century Business Correspondence: Methodology of Transcription'. In: Dossena, Marina and Susan M. Fitzmaurice (eds.) Business and Official Correspondence: Historical Investigations. Bern: Peter Lang, 193–205.
[34] Dury, Richard (2008) 'Handwriting and the Linguistic Study of Letters'. In: Dossena, Marina and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds.) Studies in Late Modern English Correspondence: Methodology and Data. Bern: Peter Lang, 113–135.
[35] Elspaß, Stephan (2002) 'Standard German in the Nineteenth-century? (Counter-)Evidence from the Private Correspondence of "Ordinary People"'. In: Linn, Andrew R. and Nicola McLelland (eds.) Standardization. Studies from the Germanic Languages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 43–65.
[36] Elspaß, Stephan, Nils Langer, Joachim Scharloth and Wim Vandenbussche (eds.) (2007) Germanic Language Histories from Below (1700–2000). Berlin: De Gruyter.
[37] Fairman, Tony (2007) '"Lower-Order" Letters, Schooling and the English Language, 1795 to 1834'. In: Elspaß, Stephan, Nils Langer, Joachim Scharloth and Wim Vandenbussche (eds.) Germanic Language Histories from Below (1700–2000)//. Berlin: De Gruyter, 31–43.
[38] Fens-de Zeeuw, Lyda (2008) 'The Letter-writing Manual in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: from Polite to Practical'. In: Dossena, Marina and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds.) Studies in Late Modern English Correspondence: Methodology and Data. Bern: Peter Lang, 163–192.
[39] Görlach, Manfred (1999) English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[40] Harris, Bob (2007) 'The Press, Newspaper Fiction and Literary Journalism, 1707–1918'. In: Brown Ian et al. (eds.) The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 308–316.
[41] James, Louis (1976 [1978]) Print and the People 1819–1851. London: Peregrine Books.
[42] Jones, Charles and Wilson McLeod (2007) 'Standards and Differences: Languages in Scotland, 1707–1918'. In: Brown Ian et al. (eds.) The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 21–32.
[43] Kytö, Merja, Mats Rydén and Erik Smitterberg (eds.) (2006) Nineteenth-Century English. Stability and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[44] Labov, William (1981) 'Field Methods used by the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation'. Sociolinguistic Working Paper 81. Austin, Texas, South Western Educational Development Laboratory.
[45] Laing, Margaret (2004) 'Multidimensionality: Time, Space and Stratigraphy in Historical Dialectology'. In: Dossena, Marina and Roger Lass (eds.) Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology. Bern: Peter Lang, 49–96.
[46] Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass (2006) 'Early Middle English Dialectology: Problems and Prospects'. In: van Kemenade, Ans and Bettelou Los (eds.) The Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Blackwell, 417–451.
[47] Law, Alexander (1983) 'Scottish Schoolbooks of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries'. Studies in Scottish Literature 18, 1–32.
[48] Manning, Susan (2007) 'Post-Union Scotland and the Scottish Idiom of Britishness'. In: Brown, Ian et al. (eds.) The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 47–56.
[49] McCafferty, Kevin (2008) 'On the trail of 'intolerable Scoto-Hibernic jargon': Ulster English, Irish English and Dialect Hygiene in William Carleton's Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry (First Series, 1830)'. In: Dossena, Marina, Richard Dury and Maurizio Gotti (eds.) English Historical Linguistics 2006. Volume III: Geo-Historical Variation in English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 171–184.
[50] Milroy, Lesley (1987 [1989]) Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.
[51] Pérez-Guerra, Javier, Dolores González-Álvarez, Jorge Bueno-Alonso and Esperanza Rama-Martínez (eds.) (2007) 'Of Varying Language and Opposing Creed': New Insights into Late Modern English. Bern: Peter Lang.
[52] Porter, Gerald (1999) 'The Ideology of Misrepresentation: Scots in English Broadsides'. In: Taavitsainen, Irma, Gunnel Melchers and Päivi Pahta (eds.) Writing in Nonstandard English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 361–374.
[53] Shepard, Leslie (1973) The History of Street Literature. The Story of Broadside Ballads, Chapbooks, Proclamations, News-sheets, Election Bills, Tracts, Pamphlets, Cocks, Catchpennies, and other Ephemera. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
[54] Smout, T.C. (2007) 'Scotland as North Britain: The Historical Background, 1707–1918'. In: Brown, Ian et al. (eds.) The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1–11.
[55] Sorensen, Janet (2003) '"Wow" and Other Cries in the Night: Fergusson's Vernacular, Scots Talking Heads, and Unruly Bodies'. In: Crawford, Robert (ed.) Heaven-Taught Fergusson. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 117–131.
[56] Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (2003) 'Lowth's Language'. In: Dossena, Marina and Charles Jones (eds.) Insights into Late Modern English. Bern: Peter Lang, 241–264.
[57] Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (2005) 'Eighteenth-Century English Letters: In Search of the Vernacular'. Linguistica e Filologia 21, 113–146.
[58] Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid and Wim van der Wurff (eds.) (2009) Current Issues in Late Modern English. Bern: Peter Lang.
[59] Wal, van der, Marijke (2007) 'Eighteenth-century Linguistic Variation from the Perspective of a Dutch Diary and a Collection of Private Letters'. In: Elspaß, Stephan, Nils Langer, Joachim Scharloth and Wim Vandenbussche (eds.) Germanic Language Histories from Below (1700–2000). Berlin: De Gruyter, 83–96.
[60] Williamson, Karina (2007) 'The Emergence of Privacy: Letters, Journals and Domestic Writing'. In: Brown, Ian et al. (eds.) The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 57–70.