Název: Antiscientismus, konceptuální analýza, naturalismus
Variantní název:
- Anti-scientism, conceptual analysis, naturalism
Zdrojový dokument: Pro-Fil. 2018, roč. 19, č. 1, s. 49-61
Rozsah
49-61
-
ISSN1212-9097 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/pf18-1-1764
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/138309
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: Neurčená licence
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
Filozofie ve 20. století ztratila velkou část svých kompetencí a pro svou údajnou neužitečnost se stala terčem kritiky ze strany přírodních vědců. Vztah mezi filozofií a vědou lze řešit pomocí tří stanovisek, kterými jsou antiscientismus, konceptuální analýza a naturalismus. Obsahem článku je charakteristika jednotlivých přístupů a identifikace problémů, s nimiž se musí jejich zastánci potýkat. Autorovi se jako nejslibnější jeví Quinem inspirovaný naturalismus, podle něhož má veškeré poznání povahu syntetických aposteriorních výroků, a filozofie je proto kontinuální s přírodní vědou. Není třeba obávat se zániku filozofie jako samostatné disciplíny, naturalismus může naopak přispět k dořešení mnohých filozofických problémů pomocí metodologie a poznatků přírodních věd.
Philosophy in the 20th century lost many of its competencies and was criticized by natural scientists for its alleged uselessness. The relationship between philosophy and science can be solved by adopting three standpoints, which are anti-scientism, conceptual analysis and naturalism. This article comprises characteristics of the different approaches and identification of problems which their advocates must confront. According to the author, the most promising one seems to be naturalism inspired by Quine, according to which all knowledge has the nature of synthetic a posteriori statements, and philosophy is therefore continuous with natural science. There is no need to worry about the extinction of philosophy as a separate discipline. On the contrary, naturalism may contribute to resolving many philosophical problems using the methodology and findings of science.
Note
Studie vznikla v rámci projektu "Epistemologický status vědy a problém demarkace pseudovědy" (Fond pro podporu vědecké činnosti FF UP, č. p. 452100761).
Reference
[1] Baker, G. P. (2004): Wittgenstein's Method, Blackwell Publishing.
[2] Bělohradský, V. (2012): Ztraceno v hněvu, Literární noviny 23(47), 1.
[3] Blecha, I. (2007): Proměny fenomenologie: úvod do Husserlovy filosofie, Triton.
[4] Bourget, D. – Chalmers, D. J. (2014): What Do Philosophers Believe?, Philosophical Studies, 170(3), 465–500. | DOI 10.1007/s11098-013-0259-7
[5] Buckwalter, W. – Stich, S. P. (2014): Gender and Philosophical Intuition, in Knobe, J. – Nichols, S. (eds.) Experimental Philosophy, Volume 2, Oxford University Press, 307–346.
[6] Dewey, J. (1925): Experience and Nature, Open Court.
[7] Dyson, F. (2012): What Can You Really Know?, The New York Review of Books 59(17), 18–20, dostupné z: http://goo.gl/zStFdO.
[8] Erskine, F. (1995): "The Origin of Species" and the Science of Female Inferiority, in Amigoni, D. – Wallace, J. (eds.) Charles Darwin's "The Origin of Species": New Interdisciplinary Essay, Manchester University Press, 95–121.
[9] Gadamer, H.-G. (2010): Pravda a metoda I: nárys filosofické hermeneutiky, Triáda.
[10] Gopnik, A. (2012): Scientific Thinking in Young Children: Theoretical Advances, Empirical Research, and Policy Implications, Science 337(6102), 1623–1627. | DOI 10.1126/science.1223416
[11] Gross, P. R. – Levitt, N. (1994): Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
[12] Harding, S. (1986): The Science Question in Feminism, Cornell University Press.
[13] Hauserová, E. (2001): Přelétaví samci a věrné samice, Lidové noviny, 7. červenec 2001, 22.
[14] Hawking, S. – Mlodinow, L. (2011): Velkolepý plán, Argo a Dokořán.
[15] Heidegger, M. (2004): Věda a zamyšlení, in Věda, technika a zamyšlení, OIKOYMENH, 36–60.
[16] Holton, G. (1999): Věda a antivěda, Academia.
[17] Hume, D. (1996): Zkoumání o lidském rozumu, Svoboda.
[18] Husserl, E. (1996): Krize evropských věd a transcendentální fenomenologie, Academia.
[19] Chemero, A. (2009): Radical Embodied Cognitive Science, MIT Press.
[20] Irigaray, L. (1985): Parler n'est jamais neutre, Les Éditions de Minuit.
[21] Jackson, F. (1993): Armchair Metaphysics, in Michael, M. – O'Leary-Hawthorne, J. (eds.) Philosophy in Mind, Springer, 23–42.
[22] Krauss, L. – Andersen, R. (2012): Has Physics Made Philosophy and Religion Obsolete? The Atlantic [online], dostupné z: http://goo.gl/Fs7BE.
[23] Latour, B. – Woolgar, S. (1979): Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts, Sage Publications.
[24] Latour, B. (2004): Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern, Critical Inquiry 30(2), 225–248. | DOI 10.1086/421123
[25] Lewens, T. (2012): A Surfeit of Naturalism, Metaphilosophy 43(1–2), 46–57. | DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9973.2012.01727.x
[26] Lewis, D. (1970): How to Define Theoretical Terms, The Journal of Philosophy 67(13), 427–446. | DOI 10.2307/2023861
[27] Maddy, P. (1997): Naturalism in Mathematics, Clarendon Press.
[28] Marquard, O. (2008): Kompetence ke kompenzaci nekompetence? O kompetenci a nekompetenci filosofie, Reflexe 35, 77–87.
[29] Nemecek, S. (1997): The Furor Over Feminist Science, Scientific American 276(1), 99–100.
[30] Papineau, D. (2009): The Poverty of Analysis, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 83(1), 1–30. | DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8349.2009.00170.x
[31] Papineau, D. (2015): Naturalism, in Zalta, E. N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [online], 2007-02-22, rev. 2015-09-15, dostupné z: http://goo.gl/azBvoq.
[32] Patočka, J. (1992): Přirozený svět jako filosofický problém, Československý spisovatel.
[33] Picha, M. – Pichová, D. (2013): 100 myšlenkových experimentů ve filozofii, Dybbuk.
[34] Pinker, S. (2011): The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, Viking Press.
[35] Quine, W. V. O. (1957): The Scope and Language of Science, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 8(29), 1–17. | DOI 10.1093/bjps/VIII.29.1
[36] Quine, W. V. O. (1969): Natural Kinds, in Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, Columbia University Press, 114–138.
[37] Quine, W. V. O. (1981a): Five Milestones of Empiricism, in Theories and Things, Harvard University Press, 67–72.
[38] Quine, W. V. O. (1981b): Things and Their Place in Theories, in Theories and Things, Harvard University Press, 1–23.
[39] Quine, W. V. O. (1995a): Dvě dogmata empirismu, in Peregrin, J. – Sousedík, P. (eds.) Co je analytický výrok?, OIKOYMENH, 79–99.
[40] Quine, W. V. O. (1995b): Naturalism; Or, Living Within One's Means, Dialectica 49(2–4), 251–261. | DOI 10.1111/j.1746-8361.1995.tb00164.x
[41] Quine, W. V. O. (1998): Ontologická relativita, in Peregrin, J. (ed.) Obrat k jazyku: druhé kolo, Filosofia, 47–82.
[42] Ritchie, J. (2008): Understanding Naturalism, Acumen Publishing.
[43] Rosenberg, A. (2011): The Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life without Illusions, W. W. Norton & Company.
[44] Sellars, W. (1956): Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 1, 253–329.
[45] Shapiro, L. (ed.) (2007): The Correspondence Between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes, University of Chicago Press.
[46] Sokal, A. – Bricmont, J. (1998): Intellectual Impostures, Profile Books.
[47] Weinberg, J. M. – Nichols, N. – Stich, S. P. (2008): Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions, in Knobe J. – Nichols, S. (eds.) Experimental Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 17–45.
[48] Weinberg, S. (1996): Snění o finální teorii, Hynek.
[49] Wittgenstein, L. (1993): Filosofická zkoumání, Filosofia.
[50] Wittgenstein, L. (2007): Tractatus logico-philosophicus, OIKOYMENH.
[2] Bělohradský, V. (2012): Ztraceno v hněvu, Literární noviny 23(47), 1.
[3] Blecha, I. (2007): Proměny fenomenologie: úvod do Husserlovy filosofie, Triton.
[4] Bourget, D. – Chalmers, D. J. (2014): What Do Philosophers Believe?, Philosophical Studies, 170(3), 465–500. | DOI 10.1007/s11098-013-0259-7
[5] Buckwalter, W. – Stich, S. P. (2014): Gender and Philosophical Intuition, in Knobe, J. – Nichols, S. (eds.) Experimental Philosophy, Volume 2, Oxford University Press, 307–346.
[6] Dewey, J. (1925): Experience and Nature, Open Court.
[7] Dyson, F. (2012): What Can You Really Know?, The New York Review of Books 59(17), 18–20, dostupné z: http://goo.gl/zStFdO.
[8] Erskine, F. (1995): "The Origin of Species" and the Science of Female Inferiority, in Amigoni, D. – Wallace, J. (eds.) Charles Darwin's "The Origin of Species": New Interdisciplinary Essay, Manchester University Press, 95–121.
[9] Gadamer, H.-G. (2010): Pravda a metoda I: nárys filosofické hermeneutiky, Triáda.
[10] Gopnik, A. (2012): Scientific Thinking in Young Children: Theoretical Advances, Empirical Research, and Policy Implications, Science 337(6102), 1623–1627. | DOI 10.1126/science.1223416
[11] Gross, P. R. – Levitt, N. (1994): Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
[12] Harding, S. (1986): The Science Question in Feminism, Cornell University Press.
[13] Hauserová, E. (2001): Přelétaví samci a věrné samice, Lidové noviny, 7. červenec 2001, 22.
[14] Hawking, S. – Mlodinow, L. (2011): Velkolepý plán, Argo a Dokořán.
[15] Heidegger, M. (2004): Věda a zamyšlení, in Věda, technika a zamyšlení, OIKOYMENH, 36–60.
[16] Holton, G. (1999): Věda a antivěda, Academia.
[17] Hume, D. (1996): Zkoumání o lidském rozumu, Svoboda.
[18] Husserl, E. (1996): Krize evropských věd a transcendentální fenomenologie, Academia.
[19] Chemero, A. (2009): Radical Embodied Cognitive Science, MIT Press.
[20] Irigaray, L. (1985): Parler n'est jamais neutre, Les Éditions de Minuit.
[21] Jackson, F. (1993): Armchair Metaphysics, in Michael, M. – O'Leary-Hawthorne, J. (eds.) Philosophy in Mind, Springer, 23–42.
[22] Krauss, L. – Andersen, R. (2012): Has Physics Made Philosophy and Religion Obsolete? The Atlantic [online], dostupné z: http://goo.gl/Fs7BE.
[23] Latour, B. – Woolgar, S. (1979): Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts, Sage Publications.
[24] Latour, B. (2004): Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern, Critical Inquiry 30(2), 225–248. | DOI 10.1086/421123
[25] Lewens, T. (2012): A Surfeit of Naturalism, Metaphilosophy 43(1–2), 46–57. | DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9973.2012.01727.x
[26] Lewis, D. (1970): How to Define Theoretical Terms, The Journal of Philosophy 67(13), 427–446. | DOI 10.2307/2023861
[27] Maddy, P. (1997): Naturalism in Mathematics, Clarendon Press.
[28] Marquard, O. (2008): Kompetence ke kompenzaci nekompetence? O kompetenci a nekompetenci filosofie, Reflexe 35, 77–87.
[29] Nemecek, S. (1997): The Furor Over Feminist Science, Scientific American 276(1), 99–100.
[30] Papineau, D. (2009): The Poverty of Analysis, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 83(1), 1–30. | DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8349.2009.00170.x
[31] Papineau, D. (2015): Naturalism, in Zalta, E. N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [online], 2007-02-22, rev. 2015-09-15, dostupné z: http://goo.gl/azBvoq.
[32] Patočka, J. (1992): Přirozený svět jako filosofický problém, Československý spisovatel.
[33] Picha, M. – Pichová, D. (2013): 100 myšlenkových experimentů ve filozofii, Dybbuk.
[34] Pinker, S. (2011): The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, Viking Press.
[35] Quine, W. V. O. (1957): The Scope and Language of Science, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 8(29), 1–17. | DOI 10.1093/bjps/VIII.29.1
[36] Quine, W. V. O. (1969): Natural Kinds, in Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, Columbia University Press, 114–138.
[37] Quine, W. V. O. (1981a): Five Milestones of Empiricism, in Theories and Things, Harvard University Press, 67–72.
[38] Quine, W. V. O. (1981b): Things and Their Place in Theories, in Theories and Things, Harvard University Press, 1–23.
[39] Quine, W. V. O. (1995a): Dvě dogmata empirismu, in Peregrin, J. – Sousedík, P. (eds.) Co je analytický výrok?, OIKOYMENH, 79–99.
[40] Quine, W. V. O. (1995b): Naturalism; Or, Living Within One's Means, Dialectica 49(2–4), 251–261. | DOI 10.1111/j.1746-8361.1995.tb00164.x
[41] Quine, W. V. O. (1998): Ontologická relativita, in Peregrin, J. (ed.) Obrat k jazyku: druhé kolo, Filosofia, 47–82.
[42] Ritchie, J. (2008): Understanding Naturalism, Acumen Publishing.
[43] Rosenberg, A. (2011): The Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life without Illusions, W. W. Norton & Company.
[44] Sellars, W. (1956): Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 1, 253–329.
[45] Shapiro, L. (ed.) (2007): The Correspondence Between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes, University of Chicago Press.
[46] Sokal, A. – Bricmont, J. (1998): Intellectual Impostures, Profile Books.
[47] Weinberg, J. M. – Nichols, N. – Stich, S. P. (2008): Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions, in Knobe J. – Nichols, S. (eds.) Experimental Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 17–45.
[48] Weinberg, S. (1996): Snění o finální teorii, Hynek.
[49] Wittgenstein, L. (1993): Filosofická zkoumání, Filosofia.
[50] Wittgenstein, L. (2007): Tractatus logico-philosophicus, OIKOYMENH.