Title: Polysémies: d'une langue à l'autre en Inde ancienne
Source document: Études romanes de Brno. 2014, vol. 35, iss. 2, pp. [53]-79
Extent
[53]-79
-
ISSN1803-7399 (print)2336-4416 (online)
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/132858
Type: Article
Language
License: Not specified license
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
Classical India is a multilingual area where Sanskrit and Prakrits live side by side. Sanskrit and Prakrit speakers are next to each other in the classical drama; Prakrit poetry composed in Māhārāṣṭrī, the literary Prakrit par excellence, is known from Sanskrit poeticians who quote it extensively. This contiguity provides situations for passages between the languages. They take the shape of translations, total superpositions producing one meaning, superpositions to be decoded as they correspond to more than one language and have different meanings in each one. These phenomena are possible only because the concerned languages have enough common features. The current linguistic usage, which we can access through the dialogues of the theatre, shows how linguistic closeness between Sanskrit and Prakrits occasionally gives birth to comic ambiguity or how total superposition is subordinate to disguise while enabling to respect the traditional linguistic distribution between Sanskrit and Prakrit speaking characters. Prakrit poetry in its own right, represented by the Sattasaī, does use the traditional stock of words with double-entendre (śleṣa) in connection with similes (upamā) which force the reader to consider distinct interpretations. These interpretations involve double meanings of words within Prakrit, or double meanings which are due to the merge of etymologically distinct Prakrit and Sanskrit words. But this usage is not pervasive. Rather, polysemic discourse is the main feature of this poetry which creates its specific codes. Thus Prakrit poetry needs to be taken into consideration in order to precise the history and progressive development of the Indian double-entendre.
eng
References
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[22] INGALLS, Daniel H.H.; MASSON, Jeffrey Moussaieff; PATWARDHAN, M.V. (trans.)The Dhvanyāloka of Ānandavardhana with the Locana of Abhinavagupta. Ed. with an introduction by Daniel H.H. INGALLS. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 1990.
[23] JHA, Ganganatha (trans.). Kāvyaprakāśa of Mammaṭa. Allahabad: The Indian Press, 1925.
[24] Karpūramañjarī: Rāja-çekhara's Karpūra-Mañjarī. A Drama by the Indian Poet Rājaçekhara critically edited … by Sten KONOW and translated into English with Notes by Ch. R. LANMAN. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University, 1901 (Harvard Oriental Series IV). – Cette édition est suffisante pour notre propos. Ed. critique et traduction française en cours par Melinda FODOR (Doctorante EPHE) dont la thèse porte sur les saṭṭaka.
[25] Kāvyālaṃkāra: The Kâvyâlankâra (A Treatise of Rhetoric) of Rudrata with The Commentary of Namisâdhu. Edited by Mahāmahopādhyāya Paṇḍit DURGĀPRASĀD; W.L. Śāstrī PAṆŚĪKAR. Bombay, 1928 (Kāvyamālā 2).
[26] La Kāvyamīmāṃsā de Rājaśekhara. Traduite du sanskrit par Nadine STCHOUPAK ; Louis RENOU. Paris : Imprimerie Nationale 1946.
[27] Kāvyānuśāsana de Hemacandra: The Kāvyānuśāsana of Hemachandra with his own gloss. Edited by Mahāmahopādhyāya Paṇḍit ŚIVADATTA ; Kāśīnāth Pāndurang PARAB. Revised by W.L. Śāstrī PAṆŚĪKAR. Bombay, 1934 (Kāvyamālā 70).
[28] KHOROCHE, Peter; TIEKEN, Herman. Poems on Life and Love in Ancient India. Hāla's Sattasaī. Translated from the Prakrit and Introduced. State University of New York, 2009.
[29] KULKARNI, V.M. Prakrit Verses in Sanskrit Works on Poetics. Volume I: Text (With Appendixes and Indexes). Delhi: Bhogilal Leherchand Institute of Indology, 1988.
[30] KULKARNI, V.M. Prakrit Verses in Sanskrit Works on Poetics. Volume II: Translation (with Introduction, Glossary and Notes). Delhi: Bhogilal Leherchand Institute of Indology, 1994.
[31] Kuvalayamālā: Uddyotanasūri's Kuvalayamālā (A Unique Campū in Prākrit). Ed. A.N. UPADHYE. Part I. Kuvalayamālā Prakrit text & various readings. Bombay: Bhāratīya Vidyā Bhavan, 1959 (Singhi Jain Series 45).
[32] Kuvalayamālā: Uddyotanasūri's Kuvalayamālā (A Unique Campū in Prākrit). Ed. A.N. UPADHYE. Part II. Ratnaprabhasūri's Kuvalayamālā Kathā. Bombay: Bhāratīya Vidyā Bhavan, 1970 (Singhi Jain Series 36). – Voir aussi CHOJNACKI.
[33] LEVI, Sylvain, Le théâtre indien. Avec introduction de Louis RENOU. Paris : Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, section des sciences historiques et philologiques, 1963 (1ère éd. 1890).
[34] Mālatī-Mādhava: The Mâlatîmâdhava of Bhavabhûti with the commentaries of Tripurâri and Jagaddhara. Ed. M.R. TELANG, revised by W.L. Sâstri PAṆŚĪKAR. Bombay, 1926 (5e éd.). – Voir aussi STREHLY.
[35] The Mr̥cchakaṭika of Śūdraka; Ed. M.R. KALE. Delhi, Patna, Varanasi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1972 (3e éd. révisée; 1ère éd. 1924).
[36] NARANG, S.P. An Analysis of the Prākr̥ta of Bhāṣā-sama of the Bhaṭṭi-kāvya (Canto XIII). In Prajñāna-Mahodadhiḥ. Prof. Dr. Gopinath Mohapatra Felicitation Volume. Bhubaneswar: Utkal University, 2003, 61–85.
[37] NITTI-DOLCI, Luigia. Les grammairiens prakrits. Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1938.
[38] PISCHEL, Richard. Grammatik der Prākr̥it-Sprachen. Strassburg, 1900.
[39] PORCHER, Marie-Claude. Figures de style en sanskrit. Théorie des alaṃkāraśāstra. Analyse des poèmes de Veṅkaṭādhvarin. Paris: Institut de Civilisation Indienne, 1978 (Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne 45).
[40] Rudraṭa : voir Kāvyālaṃkāra.
[41] Saraswatīkaṇṭhābharaṇam. A work on rhetorics by Mahārājādhirāja Bhoja with Ratneśvara's Ratnadarpaṇam, Jagaddhara's Vivaraṇam & Jīvānanda's Vyākhyā & Hindi Introduction, translation, Sarūpānanda Bhāṣya Commentary & Appendices by Prof. Dr. Kameshwar Nath MISHRA. Varanasi, Delhi: Chaukhambha Orientalia. Part I, 1976; Part II, 1992 (Chaukhambha Prachyavidya Granthamala No. 4).
[42] Sattasaī (Bh) = Hāla's Gāhākosa (Gāthāsaptaśati) with the Sanskrit Commentary of Bhuvanapāla, Part I. Ed. by Prof. M.V. PATWARDHAN. Ahmedabad; Prakrit Text Society, 1980 (Prakrit Text Series No. 21);
[43] Sattasaī (Bh) = Hāla's Gāhākosa (Gāthāsaptaśati) with the Sanskrit Commentary of Bhuvanapāla, Part II. Introduction, Translation, Index of Stanzas, Glossary and Notes by Prof. M.V. PATWARDHAN, Delhi: B.L. Institute of Indology, 1988 (B.L. Series No. 5).
[44] Sattasaī (W) = Das Saptaçatakam des Hâla herausgegeben von Albrecht WEBER, Leipzig, 1881 (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes VII,4), réimpr. 1966. (voir aussi KHOROCHE & TIEKEN)
[45] STEINER, Roland. Play-Editing and Prakrit Grammarians. In Les sources et le temps. Sources and time. A colloquium. Pondicherry 11–13 January 1997. Pondichéry : Institut Français de Pondichéry (Publications du département d'indologie 91), 63–76.
[46] STREHLY, G. Madhava et Malati. Paris : Ernest Leroux, 1885.
[47] Vajjālagga de Jayavallabha: Jayavallabha's Vajjālaggaṃ with the Sanskrit Commentary of Ratnadeva and Introduction, Translation, Notes and Glossary by M.V. PATWARDHAN. Ahmedabad: Prakrit Text Society, 1969 (Prakrit Text Society Series N° 14).
[48] VMM = Vidagdhamukhamaṇḍana de Dharmadāsa, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi (nombreuses impressions).
[49] WEBER, Albrecht: voir Sattasaī.
[2] BALBIR, Nalini. Théorie et pratique de la devinette en milieu jaina. I. Les Cent soixante et une devinettes de Jinavallabha; II. Devinettes en contexte. Bulletin d'Études Indiennes, 20, 2, 2002, 83–243.
[3] BANSAT-BOUDON, Lyne (dir.). Théâtre de l'Inde ancienne. Ed. établie sous la direction de Lync BANSAT-BOUDON, avec la collaboration de N. BALBIR ; S. BROCQUET ; Y. CODET ; A. COUTURE ; Ch. MALAMOUD ; M.-Cl. PORCHER. Gallimard: La Pléiade, 2006.
[4] BHATE, Saroja. Language of Sanskrit Drama. Samskr̥tavimarśaḥ New Series, vol. 6, Year 2012, World Sanskrit Conference Special. Delhi: Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, pp. 133–142.
[5] Bhaṭṭikāvya of Bhaṭṭi. With the Commentary Jayamangalā of Jayamangala. Ed. by The Late Vināyak Nārāyan Shāstrī Joshi; V.L. Shāstrī Paṇśīkar. Bombay, 1934 (8e éd.).
[6] BRONNER, Yigal. Extreme Poetry. The South Asian Movement of Simultaneous Narration. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
[7] BRÜCKNER, Heidrun. Manuscripts and Performance Tradition of the so-called 'Trivandrum Plays' ascribed to Bhāsa – A report on work in progress. Bulletin d'Études Indiennes, 17–18, 2000, 501–550.
[8] CATURVIJAYA, Muni. Jainastotrasamuccayaḥ. Bombay: Nirnayasagar Press, 1928.
[9] CHOJNACKI, Christine. Kuvalayamālā. Roman jaina de 779 composé par Uddyotanasūri. Vol. I Étude, vol. II. Traduction et annotations. Marburg, 2008 (Indica et Tibetica 50/1 et 50/2).
[10] DAVE, T.N. Role of Prakrit Dialects in Sanskrit Dramas. Proceedings of the Seminar on Prakrit Studies (1973). Ahmedabad: L.D. Institute of Indology, 1978 (L.D Series 70), 101–108.
[11] DESHPANDE, Madhav M. Sanskrit & Prakrit. Sociolinguistic Issues. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1993.
[12] ESPOSITO, Anna Aurelia. Cārudatta. Ein indisches Schauspiel. Kritische Edition und Übersetzung mit einer Studie des Prakrits der 'Trivandrum-Dramen'. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004.
[13] ESPOSITO, Anna Aurelia. The South Indian Drama Manuscripts. In Aspects of Manuscript Culture in South India. Ed. Saraju RATH. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2012, 81–97.
[14] Gaüḍavaho by Vākpatirāja. Edited with an Introduction, Sanskrit Chāyā, English Translation, Notes, Appendices, and Glossary by N.G. SURU. Ahmedabad, Varanasi: The Prakrit Text Society (Prakrit Text Society Series No. 18), 1975.
[15] GEROW, Edwin. A Glossary of Indian Figures of Speech. The Hague – Paris: Mouton, 1971.
[16] HAHN, Michael. Appendix and revised romanized version of cantos i-viii and xix dans: Śivasvāmin's Kapphiṇābhyudaya or Exaltation of King Kapphiṇa critically edited with an introduction by Gauri SHANKAR. New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1989.
[17] HAHN, Michael. Śivasvāmin's Kapphiṇābhyudaya. XXIV. Deutscher Orientalistentag vom 26. bis 30. September 1998 in Köln. Ausgewählte Vorträge, herausgegeben von W. DIEM; A. FALATURI, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990, 459–470.
[18] HAHN, Michael. Introduction générale à The Recensions of the Nāgānanda by Harṣadeva vol. 1 The North Indian Recension. The Nāgānanda by Harṣadeva edited by Mādhava Candra Ghoṣa assisted by Kr̥ṣṇa Kamala Bhaṭṭācārya. With a general introduction by Michael Hahn. And a preface and a bibliography of the editions and translations of the Nāgānanda by Roland Steiner. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 1991.
[19] HAHN, Michael. Der Bhāṣāśleṣa – eine Besonderheit kaschmirischer Dichter und Poetiker? In Highland Philology. Results of a Text-Related Kashmir Panel at the 31st DOT, Marburg 2010. Ed. Roland STEINER. Halle an der Saale: Universitätsverlag Halle-Wittenberg, 2012 (Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis, Band 4, 77–105).
[20] HAHN, Michael. Śivasvāmin's Kapphiṇābhyudaya edited by M. Hahn with preface in English. Sanskrit text, selected variant readings, index of verses and five appendices. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 2013.
[21] HINÜBER, Oskar von. Das ältere Mittelindisch im Überblick. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2001.
[22] INGALLS, Daniel H.H.; MASSON, Jeffrey Moussaieff; PATWARDHAN, M.V. (trans.)The Dhvanyāloka of Ānandavardhana with the Locana of Abhinavagupta. Ed. with an introduction by Daniel H.H. INGALLS. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 1990.
[23] JHA, Ganganatha (trans.). Kāvyaprakāśa of Mammaṭa. Allahabad: The Indian Press, 1925.
[24] Karpūramañjarī: Rāja-çekhara's Karpūra-Mañjarī. A Drama by the Indian Poet Rājaçekhara critically edited … by Sten KONOW and translated into English with Notes by Ch. R. LANMAN. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University, 1901 (Harvard Oriental Series IV). – Cette édition est suffisante pour notre propos. Ed. critique et traduction française en cours par Melinda FODOR (Doctorante EPHE) dont la thèse porte sur les saṭṭaka.
[25] Kāvyālaṃkāra: The Kâvyâlankâra (A Treatise of Rhetoric) of Rudrata with The Commentary of Namisâdhu. Edited by Mahāmahopādhyāya Paṇḍit DURGĀPRASĀD; W.L. Śāstrī PAṆŚĪKAR. Bombay, 1928 (Kāvyamālā 2).
[26] La Kāvyamīmāṃsā de Rājaśekhara. Traduite du sanskrit par Nadine STCHOUPAK ; Louis RENOU. Paris : Imprimerie Nationale 1946.
[27] Kāvyānuśāsana de Hemacandra: The Kāvyānuśāsana of Hemachandra with his own gloss. Edited by Mahāmahopādhyāya Paṇḍit ŚIVADATTA ; Kāśīnāth Pāndurang PARAB. Revised by W.L. Śāstrī PAṆŚĪKAR. Bombay, 1934 (Kāvyamālā 70).
[28] KHOROCHE, Peter; TIEKEN, Herman. Poems on Life and Love in Ancient India. Hāla's Sattasaī. Translated from the Prakrit and Introduced. State University of New York, 2009.
[29] KULKARNI, V.M. Prakrit Verses in Sanskrit Works on Poetics. Volume I: Text (With Appendixes and Indexes). Delhi: Bhogilal Leherchand Institute of Indology, 1988.
[30] KULKARNI, V.M. Prakrit Verses in Sanskrit Works on Poetics. Volume II: Translation (with Introduction, Glossary and Notes). Delhi: Bhogilal Leherchand Institute of Indology, 1994.
[31] Kuvalayamālā: Uddyotanasūri's Kuvalayamālā (A Unique Campū in Prākrit). Ed. A.N. UPADHYE. Part I. Kuvalayamālā Prakrit text & various readings. Bombay: Bhāratīya Vidyā Bhavan, 1959 (Singhi Jain Series 45).
[32] Kuvalayamālā: Uddyotanasūri's Kuvalayamālā (A Unique Campū in Prākrit). Ed. A.N. UPADHYE. Part II. Ratnaprabhasūri's Kuvalayamālā Kathā. Bombay: Bhāratīya Vidyā Bhavan, 1970 (Singhi Jain Series 36). – Voir aussi CHOJNACKI.
[33] LEVI, Sylvain, Le théâtre indien. Avec introduction de Louis RENOU. Paris : Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, section des sciences historiques et philologiques, 1963 (1ère éd. 1890).
[34] Mālatī-Mādhava: The Mâlatîmâdhava of Bhavabhûti with the commentaries of Tripurâri and Jagaddhara. Ed. M.R. TELANG, revised by W.L. Sâstri PAṆŚĪKAR. Bombay, 1926 (5e éd.). – Voir aussi STREHLY.
[35] The Mr̥cchakaṭika of Śūdraka; Ed. M.R. KALE. Delhi, Patna, Varanasi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1972 (3e éd. révisée; 1ère éd. 1924).
[36] NARANG, S.P. An Analysis of the Prākr̥ta of Bhāṣā-sama of the Bhaṭṭi-kāvya (Canto XIII). In Prajñāna-Mahodadhiḥ. Prof. Dr. Gopinath Mohapatra Felicitation Volume. Bhubaneswar: Utkal University, 2003, 61–85.
[37] NITTI-DOLCI, Luigia. Les grammairiens prakrits. Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1938.
[38] PISCHEL, Richard. Grammatik der Prākr̥it-Sprachen. Strassburg, 1900.
[39] PORCHER, Marie-Claude. Figures de style en sanskrit. Théorie des alaṃkāraśāstra. Analyse des poèmes de Veṅkaṭādhvarin. Paris: Institut de Civilisation Indienne, 1978 (Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne 45).
[40] Rudraṭa : voir Kāvyālaṃkāra.
[41] Saraswatīkaṇṭhābharaṇam. A work on rhetorics by Mahārājādhirāja Bhoja with Ratneśvara's Ratnadarpaṇam, Jagaddhara's Vivaraṇam & Jīvānanda's Vyākhyā & Hindi Introduction, translation, Sarūpānanda Bhāṣya Commentary & Appendices by Prof. Dr. Kameshwar Nath MISHRA. Varanasi, Delhi: Chaukhambha Orientalia. Part I, 1976; Part II, 1992 (Chaukhambha Prachyavidya Granthamala No. 4).
[42] Sattasaī (Bh) = Hāla's Gāhākosa (Gāthāsaptaśati) with the Sanskrit Commentary of Bhuvanapāla, Part I. Ed. by Prof. M.V. PATWARDHAN. Ahmedabad; Prakrit Text Society, 1980 (Prakrit Text Series No. 21);
[43] Sattasaī (Bh) = Hāla's Gāhākosa (Gāthāsaptaśati) with the Sanskrit Commentary of Bhuvanapāla, Part II. Introduction, Translation, Index of Stanzas, Glossary and Notes by Prof. M.V. PATWARDHAN, Delhi: B.L. Institute of Indology, 1988 (B.L. Series No. 5).
[44] Sattasaī (W) = Das Saptaçatakam des Hâla herausgegeben von Albrecht WEBER, Leipzig, 1881 (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes VII,4), réimpr. 1966. (voir aussi KHOROCHE & TIEKEN)
[45] STEINER, Roland. Play-Editing and Prakrit Grammarians. In Les sources et le temps. Sources and time. A colloquium. Pondicherry 11–13 January 1997. Pondichéry : Institut Français de Pondichéry (Publications du département d'indologie 91), 63–76.
[46] STREHLY, G. Madhava et Malati. Paris : Ernest Leroux, 1885.
[47] Vajjālagga de Jayavallabha: Jayavallabha's Vajjālaggaṃ with the Sanskrit Commentary of Ratnadeva and Introduction, Translation, Notes and Glossary by M.V. PATWARDHAN. Ahmedabad: Prakrit Text Society, 1969 (Prakrit Text Society Series N° 14).
[48] VMM = Vidagdhamukhamaṇḍana de Dharmadāsa, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi (nombreuses impressions).
[49] WEBER, Albrecht: voir Sattasaī.