Title: The phonetics of PIE *d, II: the evidence from daughter languages
Source document: Linguistica Brunensia. 2021, vol. 69, iss. 2, pp. 23-44
Extent
23-44
-
ISSN1803-7410 (print)2336-4440 (online)
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/LB2021-2-2
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/144778
Type: Article
Language
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
In numerous IE languages, either their synchronic fact or the diachronic processes reveal some level of asymmetry in the area of coronal obstruents, specifically the stops and the nasal, or their reflexes resulting from various phonetic processes as assibilation, palatalization, or lenition. Especially the evidence from Germanic, Greek, Italic, Tocharian, and Anatolian supports the hypothesis that such a symmetry is a shared and possibly inherited feature of their phonology. Data from Indic and Armenian may also provide further support, while the merger of the voiced stops and voiced aspirated stops in Iranian, Balto-Slavic, Albanian and Celtic make their evidence less reliable. Overall, the evidence points toward the reflexes of PIE *d patterning with PIE *n, while the reflexes of *dh and *t often result in markedly different outcomes of the same individual changes which also at the same stage target *d. The apical character of *d is the best explanation of the frequent shift towards, on the one hand, rhotics and laterals, on the other, to sibilants realized at a different articulatory position than that of the other members of the same dental-alveolar series.
Note
I also acknowledge the support of the research program Progres Q10 Jazyk v proměnách času, místa a kultury, sponsored by the Charles University.
References
[1] Adams, Douglas. Q. 1988. Tocharian Historical Phonology and Morphology. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
[2] Adams, Douglas. Q. 2009. A dictionary of Tocharian B. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
[3] Bartoněk, Antonín. 2004. Handbuch des mykenisches Griechisch. Heidelberg: Winter.
[4] Beekes, Robert. S. P. 2003. Historical Phonology of Classical Armenian. In: Kortlandt, Frederik – Beekes, Robert S. P., eds. Armeniaca. Comparative Notes. With an appendix on the historical phonology of Classical Armenian by Robert S. P. Beekes, Ann Arbor: Caravan Books, 133–211.
[5] Bičovský, Jan. 2008. Initial x- in Slavic revisited. Chatreššar, 23–46.
[6] Bičovský, Jan. 2021. The Phonetics of PIE *d. Typological considerations. Linguistica Brunensia 70. (this volume).
[7] Blažek, Václav. 2015. A Long Way to "Far" Tocharian A lo, B lau and A lok, B lauke adv. "(a)far (off); away" in perspective of the Indo-European etymon "long". Journal of Indo-European Studies 43 (1–2), 2015, 57–80.
[8] Byrd, Andrew. 2015 The Indo-European Syllable. Leiden: Brill.
[9] Cantera, A. 2017. The phonology of Iranian. In: Klein, Jared – Wenthe, Mark, eds. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook, vol. 1. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 11–33.
[10] Davis, Brent. 2014. Minoan Stone Vessels with Linear A Inscriptions. Lanaken: Peeters.
[11] EWA = Mayrhofer, Manfred. 1992. Εtymologisches Worterbuch des Altindischen. Heidelberg: Winter.
[12] Garnier, Romain – Sagart, Laurent – Sagot, Benoit. 2017. Milk and the Indo-Europeans. In: Robeets, Martine – Savalyev, Alexander, eds. Language Dispersal Beyond Farming, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 291–311.
[13] Hackstein, Olav. 2017. The Phonology of Tocharian. In: Klein, Jared – Wenthe, Mark, eds. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook, vol. 2. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1304–1336.
[14] Hajnal, Ivo – Risch, Erich. 2006. Grammatik des mykenischen Griechisch. (http://sprawi.at/de/content/mykenisches_griechisch, accessed October 29, 2020).
[15] Hock, Hans H. 1991. Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: de Gruyter.
[16] Judson, Anna P. 2017. The mystery of the Mycenaean "labyrinth": the value of Linear B pu2 and related signs. Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici nuova serie 3, 53–72.
[17] Kim, Ronald I. 2012. Introduction to Tocharian (http://enlil.ff.cuni.cz/system/files/tocharian.pdf; accessed October 29, 2020).
[18] Kim, Ronald I. 2016. Studies in Armenian Historical Phonology I: Aspiration and Spirantization of PIE Voiceless Stops. In: Byrd, Andrew M. – DeLisi, Jessica – Wenthe, Mark, eds. Tavet Tat Satyam. Studies in Honor of Jared S. Klein on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday. Ann Arbor – New York: Beech Stave, 151–167.
[19] Kimball, Sarah. 1999. Hittite Historical Phonology. Innsbruck: Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität Innsbruck.
[20] Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2008. Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden: Brill.
[21] Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2016. The Anatolian stop system and the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. IF 121, 213–248.
[22] Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2019. The phonetics and phonology of the Hittite dental stops. In: Kim, Ronald I. – Mynářová, Jana – Pavúk, Peter, eds. Hrozný and Hittite: The First Hundred Years. Proceedings of the International Conference Held at Charles University, Prague, 11–14 November 2015. Leiden–Boston: Brill, 147–175.
[23] Kobayashi, Masato. 2004. Historical Phonology of Old Indo-Aryan Consonants. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
[24] Kroonen, Guus. 2018. Lachmann's Law, Thurneysen's Law, and a New Explanation of the PIE no-Participles. In: Beek, Lucien – Kloekhorst, Alwin – Kroonen, Guus – Peyrot, Michaël – Pronk, Tijmen, eds. Farnah. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky. Ann Arbor – New York: Beech Stave Press, 143–152.
[25] Kümmel, Martin J. 2007. Konsonantenwandel. Bausteine zu einer Typologie des Lautwandels und ihre Konsequenzen für die vergleichende Rekonstruktion. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
[26] Leumann, Manu. 1977. Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre. München: Beck.
[27] Macak, M. 2017. The phonology of Classical Armenian. In: Klein, Jared – Wenthe, Mark, eds. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook. Vol. 2. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1037–79.
[28] Malzahn, Melanie. 2010. The Tocharian verbal system. Leiden: Brill.
[29] Melchert, Craig H. 1994. Anatolian Historical Phonology. Amsterdam–Atlanta GA: Rodopi.
[30] Méndez Dosuna, José. 1993. On <Z> and <Δ> in Greek dialectal inscriptions. Sprache 35 (1), 1991–1993, 82–114.
[31] Prósper, Blanca M. 2019. What became of "Sabine l"? An overlooked Proto-Italic sound law. JIES 2019, 468–506.
[32] Rieken, Elizabeth. 2008. Die Zeichen <ta>, <tá> und <tà> in den hieroglyphen-luwischen Inschriften der Nachgroßreichszeit. In: Archi, Alfonso – Francia, Rita, eds. VI Congresso Internazionale di Ittitologia, Roma, 5–9 settembre 2005, Parte II (= Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 50), 637–648.
[33] Ringe, Donald A. 1996. On the Chronology of Sound Changes in Tocharian. Vol. I: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
[34] Schindler Jochem. 1974. Fragen zum paradigmatischen Ausgleich. Sprache 20, 1–9.
[35] Sihler, Andrew. L. 1995. New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[36] Stuart-Smith, Jane. 2004. Phonetics and Philology. Sound Change in Italic. Oxford: Oxford University.
[37] Rix, Helmut. 1992. Historische Grammatik des Griechischen. Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchgesellschaft.
[38] Vaan, Michiel de. 2008. Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages. Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[39] Weiss, Michael. 2009a. The Cao Bang Theory: Some Speculations on the Prehistory of the PIE Stop System. Presentation at ECIEC XXVIII. Reykjavik, June 13, 2009. (http://conf.ling.cornell.edu/weiss/Cao_Bang_Theory.pptx, accessed October 29, 2020).
[40] Weiss, Michael. 2009b. Outline of a historical and comparative grammar of Latin. Ann Arbor – New York: Beech Stave.
[41] Winter, Werner. 1962. Die Vertretung indogermanischer Dentale im Tocharischen. IF 67, 16–35.
[42] Witczak, Krysztof T. 1993. A b-series in Linear B. Kadmos 32, 162–171.
[43] Żygis, Marzena. 2010. On changes in Slavic sibilant systems and their perceptual motivation. In: Recasens, David – Sánchez Miret, Fernando – Wireback, Kenneth J., eds. Experimental Phonetics and Sound Change. München: Lincom, 115–138.
[44] Żigys, Marzena – Fuchs, Susanne – Koenig, Laura. L. 2012. Phonetic explanations for the infrequency of voiced sibilant affricates across languages. Laboratory Phonology 3, 300–336.
[2] Adams, Douglas. Q. 2009. A dictionary of Tocharian B. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
[3] Bartoněk, Antonín. 2004. Handbuch des mykenisches Griechisch. Heidelberg: Winter.
[4] Beekes, Robert. S. P. 2003. Historical Phonology of Classical Armenian. In: Kortlandt, Frederik – Beekes, Robert S. P., eds. Armeniaca. Comparative Notes. With an appendix on the historical phonology of Classical Armenian by Robert S. P. Beekes, Ann Arbor: Caravan Books, 133–211.
[5] Bičovský, Jan. 2008. Initial x- in Slavic revisited. Chatreššar, 23–46.
[6] Bičovský, Jan. 2021. The Phonetics of PIE *d. Typological considerations. Linguistica Brunensia 70. (this volume).
[7] Blažek, Václav. 2015. A Long Way to "Far" Tocharian A lo, B lau and A lok, B lauke adv. "(a)far (off); away" in perspective of the Indo-European etymon "long". Journal of Indo-European Studies 43 (1–2), 2015, 57–80.
[8] Byrd, Andrew. 2015 The Indo-European Syllable. Leiden: Brill.
[9] Cantera, A. 2017. The phonology of Iranian. In: Klein, Jared – Wenthe, Mark, eds. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook, vol. 1. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 11–33.
[10] Davis, Brent. 2014. Minoan Stone Vessels with Linear A Inscriptions. Lanaken: Peeters.
[11] EWA = Mayrhofer, Manfred. 1992. Εtymologisches Worterbuch des Altindischen. Heidelberg: Winter.
[12] Garnier, Romain – Sagart, Laurent – Sagot, Benoit. 2017. Milk and the Indo-Europeans. In: Robeets, Martine – Savalyev, Alexander, eds. Language Dispersal Beyond Farming, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 291–311.
[13] Hackstein, Olav. 2017. The Phonology of Tocharian. In: Klein, Jared – Wenthe, Mark, eds. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook, vol. 2. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1304–1336.
[14] Hajnal, Ivo – Risch, Erich. 2006. Grammatik des mykenischen Griechisch. (http://sprawi.at/de/content/mykenisches_griechisch, accessed October 29, 2020).
[15] Hock, Hans H. 1991. Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: de Gruyter.
[16] Judson, Anna P. 2017. The mystery of the Mycenaean "labyrinth": the value of Linear B pu2 and related signs. Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici nuova serie 3, 53–72.
[17] Kim, Ronald I. 2012. Introduction to Tocharian (http://enlil.ff.cuni.cz/system/files/tocharian.pdf; accessed October 29, 2020).
[18] Kim, Ronald I. 2016. Studies in Armenian Historical Phonology I: Aspiration and Spirantization of PIE Voiceless Stops. In: Byrd, Andrew M. – DeLisi, Jessica – Wenthe, Mark, eds. Tavet Tat Satyam. Studies in Honor of Jared S. Klein on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday. Ann Arbor – New York: Beech Stave, 151–167.
[19] Kimball, Sarah. 1999. Hittite Historical Phonology. Innsbruck: Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität Innsbruck.
[20] Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2008. Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden: Brill.
[21] Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2016. The Anatolian stop system and the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. IF 121, 213–248.
[22] Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2019. The phonetics and phonology of the Hittite dental stops. In: Kim, Ronald I. – Mynářová, Jana – Pavúk, Peter, eds. Hrozný and Hittite: The First Hundred Years. Proceedings of the International Conference Held at Charles University, Prague, 11–14 November 2015. Leiden–Boston: Brill, 147–175.
[23] Kobayashi, Masato. 2004. Historical Phonology of Old Indo-Aryan Consonants. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
[24] Kroonen, Guus. 2018. Lachmann's Law, Thurneysen's Law, and a New Explanation of the PIE no-Participles. In: Beek, Lucien – Kloekhorst, Alwin – Kroonen, Guus – Peyrot, Michaël – Pronk, Tijmen, eds. Farnah. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky. Ann Arbor – New York: Beech Stave Press, 143–152.
[25] Kümmel, Martin J. 2007. Konsonantenwandel. Bausteine zu einer Typologie des Lautwandels und ihre Konsequenzen für die vergleichende Rekonstruktion. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
[26] Leumann, Manu. 1977. Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre. München: Beck.
[27] Macak, M. 2017. The phonology of Classical Armenian. In: Klein, Jared – Wenthe, Mark, eds. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook. Vol. 2. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1037–79.
[28] Malzahn, Melanie. 2010. The Tocharian verbal system. Leiden: Brill.
[29] Melchert, Craig H. 1994. Anatolian Historical Phonology. Amsterdam–Atlanta GA: Rodopi.
[30] Méndez Dosuna, José. 1993. On <Z> and <Δ> in Greek dialectal inscriptions. Sprache 35 (1), 1991–1993, 82–114.
[31] Prósper, Blanca M. 2019. What became of "Sabine l"? An overlooked Proto-Italic sound law. JIES 2019, 468–506.
[32] Rieken, Elizabeth. 2008. Die Zeichen <ta>, <tá> und <tà> in den hieroglyphen-luwischen Inschriften der Nachgroßreichszeit. In: Archi, Alfonso – Francia, Rita, eds. VI Congresso Internazionale di Ittitologia, Roma, 5–9 settembre 2005, Parte II (= Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 50), 637–648.
[33] Ringe, Donald A. 1996. On the Chronology of Sound Changes in Tocharian. Vol. I: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Tocharian. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
[34] Schindler Jochem. 1974. Fragen zum paradigmatischen Ausgleich. Sprache 20, 1–9.
[35] Sihler, Andrew. L. 1995. New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[36] Stuart-Smith, Jane. 2004. Phonetics and Philology. Sound Change in Italic. Oxford: Oxford University.
[37] Rix, Helmut. 1992. Historische Grammatik des Griechischen. Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchgesellschaft.
[38] Vaan, Michiel de. 2008. Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages. Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[39] Weiss, Michael. 2009a. The Cao Bang Theory: Some Speculations on the Prehistory of the PIE Stop System. Presentation at ECIEC XXVIII. Reykjavik, June 13, 2009. (http://conf.ling.cornell.edu/weiss/Cao_Bang_Theory.pptx, accessed October 29, 2020).
[40] Weiss, Michael. 2009b. Outline of a historical and comparative grammar of Latin. Ann Arbor – New York: Beech Stave.
[41] Winter, Werner. 1962. Die Vertretung indogermanischer Dentale im Tocharischen. IF 67, 16–35.
[42] Witczak, Krysztof T. 1993. A b-series in Linear B. Kadmos 32, 162–171.
[43] Żygis, Marzena. 2010. On changes in Slavic sibilant systems and their perceptual motivation. In: Recasens, David – Sánchez Miret, Fernando – Wireback, Kenneth J., eds. Experimental Phonetics and Sound Change. München: Lincom, 115–138.
[44] Żigys, Marzena – Fuchs, Susanne – Koenig, Laura. L. 2012. Phonetic explanations for the infrequency of voiced sibilant affricates across languages. Laboratory Phonology 3, 300–336.