Title: Four Yiddish songs – one melody
Variant title:
- Čtyři jidiš písně – jedna melodie
Source document: Bohemica litteraria. 2023, vol. 26, iss. 1, pp. 153-170
Extent
153-170
-
ISSN1213-2144 (print)2336-4394 (online)
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/BL2023-1-9
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/digilib.78431
Type: Article
Language
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
This article discusses four early modern Yiddish booklets containing songs that were to be sung to the same melody: one concerns the expulsion of the Jews from Vienna in 1670 (n.p., n.d.); the second describes two Jews who were executed for theft in Prostějov in 1684 and refused the offer to convert in return for a pardon (Wilmhersdorf 1684); the third depicts the effects of a plague epidemic on the Jewish community of Prague in 1713 (1st edition n.p., n.d., 2nd edition Amsterdam 1714); and the fourth (two editions, both n.p., n.d.) is a rhymed prayer, asking God to eliminate all misfortunes and evil decrees, including an ongoing plague epidemic, apparently composed in Prague in 1680. According to all four, the melody to be used when singing them was niggun akeda, a melody strongly associated with the Binding of Isaac (Gen. 22). It was originally used in the synagogue to accompany liturgical poems relating the biblical narrative and other cases of Jewish martyrdom. In addition to contextualizing the four texts within Yiddish literature, this article explores the relationship between text and melody in general, and the particular significance of niggun akeda.
Článek pojednává o čtyřech raně novověkých jidiš drobných tiscích obsahujících písně, které se měly zpívat na stejnou melodii: jedna se týká vyhnání Židů z Vídně v roce 1670 (bez místa a roku vydání); druhá popisuje dva Židy, kteří byli v roce 1684 popraveni za krádež v Prostějově a odmítli nabídku konvertovat výměnou za milost (Wilmhersdorf 1684); třetí líčí dopady morové epidemie na pražskou židovskou obec v roce 1713 (1. vydání bez uvedení místa a roku, 2. vydání Amsterdam 1714); čtvrtá (dvě vydání, obě bez místa a roku) je veršovaná modlitba, žádající Boha o odstranění všech neštěstí a zlých nařízení, včetně probíhající morové epidemie, složená zřejmě v Praze roku 1680. Podle všech čtyř tisků se při jejich zpěvu měla používat melodie niggun akeda, melodie silně spojená s Izákovým spoutáním (Gn 22). Původně se používala v synagoze jako doprovod k liturgickým básním vztahujícím se k biblickému příběhu a dalším případům židovského mučednictví. Kromě kontextualizace čtyř textů v rámci jidiš literatury tento článek zkoumá vztah mezi textem a melodií obecně a zvláštní význam niggun akeda.
References
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[2] [no date] Eyn sheyn lid oyf shney kedoshim das naylekh bekehiles koydesh Prostits zayn nidn gevorn al kiddush hashem ("A beautiful song about two kedoshim [martyrs] who were recently executed over Kiddush Hashem [Jewish martyrdom] in the holy community of Prostits [Prostějov]"). Wilhermsdorf: Isaac Jüdels Katz?, ca. 1684. Sign. Opp. 885 (36), Bodleian Libraries, Oxford
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[4] [no date] Eyn nay klog lid. ("A new elegy"). Amsterdam: N. p., ca. 1714. Sign Opp. Add. 4° IV 911, Bodleian Libraries, Oxford
[5] [no date] Eyn nay lid gemakht beloshn tkhine. ("A new song made in the style of a supplication"). N. p.: N. p., ca. 1680. Sign. Opp. 8° 460 (15) and Opp. 8° 1103 (34), Bodleian Libraries, Oxford
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[26] KATZ, Jakob. 1973. Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of the Jewish Emancipation 1770–1870 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)
[27] KAUFMANN, David. 1889. Die letzte Vertreibung der Juden aus Wien und Niederösterreich (Wien: Carl Konegen)
[28] KAY, Devra. 2004. Seyder Tkhines: The Forgotten Book of Common Prayer for Jewish Women. (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society)
[29] KLEIN, Isaac. 1979. A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America)
[30] KORMAN, Ezra. 1928. Yidishe dikhterins: Antologye (Chicago: L. M. Stein)
[31] LIEBEN, Salomon Hugo. 1938. "Megillath Samuel", Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in der Čechoslovakischen Republik, no. 9, pp. 307–342
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[34] RÖHRICH, Lutz – BREDNICH, Rolf Wilhelm. 1965. Deutsche Volkslieder: Texte und Melodien, 2 vols. (Düsseldorf: Schwann)
[35] ROMAN, Oren. 2015. "Be-nign Shmuel-bukh: On the Melody or Melodies Mentioned in Old-Yiddish Epics", Aschkenas: Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden, no. 25 (1), pp. 145–160
[36] ROMAN, Oren. 2016. "Early Ashkenazic Poems about the Binding of Isaac", Naharaim: Journal of German-Jewish Literature and Culture History, no. 10 (2), pp. 175–194
[37] ROMAN, Oren – SCHLEIFER, Eliyahu. 2020. "Niggun 'Akedah: A Traditional Melody Concerning the Binding of Isaac", Yuval Online Journal for Jewish Music Studies, no. 11 (new series), pp. 1–41
[38] SHMERUK, Chone. 1978. Yiddish Literature: Aspects of Its History (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University. (Hebrew))
[39] SHMERUK, Chone. 1981. Yiddish Literature in Poland: Historical Studies and Perspectives (Jerusalem: Magnes Press. (Hebrew))
[40] SHMIDMAN, Joshua H. 2007. "Zekhut Avot", in BERENBAUM, Michael – SKOLNIK, Fred (eds.): Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., vol. xxi (Detroit, MI: Macmillan), pp. 497–498
[41] SOLOVEITCHIK, Haym. 1987. "Religious Law and Change: The Medieval Ashkenazic Example", AJS Review, no. 12, 2, pp. 205–221
[42] SPIEGEL, Shalom. 1967. The Last Trial: On the Legends and Lore of the Command to Abraham to Offer Isaac as a Sacrifice: the Akedah. Trans. Judah Goldin (New York: Pantheon Books)
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[50] TURNIANSKY, Chava. 1989. "Yiddish 'Historical' Songs as Sources for the History of the Jews in Pre-partition Poland", Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, no. 4 (1989), pp. 42–52
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[52] TURNIANSKY, Chava. 2000. "The Events in Frankfurt am Main (1612–1616) in 'Megillas Vints' and in an Unknown Yiddish 'Historical' Song", in GRAETZ, Michael (ed.): Schöpferische Momente des europäischen Judentums in der frühen Neuzeit (Heidelberg: C. Winter), pp. 121–137
[53] ULMER, Rivka. 2001. Turmoil, Trauma and Triumph: The Fettmilch Uprising in Frankfurt am Main (1612–1616) According to Megillas Vintz. A critical edition of the Yiddish and Hebrew text, including an English translation (Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang)
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[55] WEINBERGER, Leon J. 1998. Jewish Hymnography: A Literary History (London: Vallentine, Mitchell)
[56] WEINREICH, Max. 1927. Shturemvint: Bilder fun der yidisher geshikhte in 17tn yorhundert (Vilna: Tamar)
[57] WEINREICH, Max. 2008. History of the Yiddish Language, edited by Paul Glasser and translated by Shlomo Noble with the assistance of Joshua A. Fishman. 2 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press)
[58] YASSIF, Eli. 1978. Akedat Yiẓḥak: Meḥkarim be-hitpatḥuta shel masoret sifrutit (Jerusalem: Makor)
[59] YERUSHALMI, Yosef Hayim. 1982. Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Seattle: University of Washington Press)
[60] Deutsche Biographie, [online], URL:https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118730991.html#ndbcontent [Accessed 20 February 2023]
[2] [no date] Eyn sheyn lid oyf shney kedoshim das naylekh bekehiles koydesh Prostits zayn nidn gevorn al kiddush hashem ("A beautiful song about two kedoshim [martyrs] who were recently executed over Kiddush Hashem [Jewish martyrdom] in the holy community of Prostits [Prostějov]"). Wilhermsdorf: Isaac Jüdels Katz?, ca. 1684. Sign. Opp. 885 (36), Bodleian Libraries, Oxford
[3] [no date] Eyn nay klog lid. ("A new elegy"). N. p.: N. p., ca. 1713, Sign. Opp. 8° 632, Bodleian Libraries, Oxford
[4] [no date] Eyn nay klog lid. ("A new elegy"). Amsterdam: N. p., ca. 1714. Sign Opp. Add. 4° IV 911, Bodleian Libraries, Oxford
[5] [no date] Eyn nay lid gemakht beloshn tkhine. ("A new song made in the style of a supplication"). N. p.: N. p., ca. 1680. Sign. Opp. 8° 460 (15) and Opp. 8° 1103 (34), Bodleian Libraries, Oxford
[6] BAUMGARTEN, Jean. 2005. Introduction to Old Yiddish Literature. Edited and translated by Jerold C. Frakes (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
[7] BAUMGARTEN, Jean. 2010. Le peuple des livres. Les ouvrages populaires dans la société ashkénaze, XVIe–XVIIIe siècle (Paris: A. Michel)
[8] BERGER, Shlomo. 2019. "Early Modern Yiddish and the Emergence of the Anonymous Reader", Jewish Studies Quarterly, no. 26, 3, pp. 282–288
[9] BRENDICH, Rolf Wilhelm. 2011. "Der Herr von Braunschweig", in STAMMLER, Wolfgang – WACHINGER, Burghart – STÖLLIN GER, Christine (eds.): Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters: Verfasserlexikon, vol. 3. (Berlin: De Gruyter), pp. 1135–1136
[10] COHEN ROMAN, Oren. 2021. "Cultural Transfer, Conflict, and Creativity: How Ashkenazic Jews Retold the Binding of Isaac", in GOODBLATT, Chanita – KREISEL, Haim (eds.): Reading the Bible in the Pre-Modern World: Interpretation, Performance and Image (Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University Press), pp. 305–331
[11] COHEN ROMAN, Oren – SOUKUP, Daniel. "From Thieves to Martyrs: The Story of Two Jews from Early Modern Moravia", forthcoming in Jewish History
[12] DREEßEN, Wulf-Otto (ed.). 1971. Akêdass Jizḥak: ein altjiddisches Gedicht über die Opferung Isaaks (Hamburg: Leibniz-Verlag)
[13] ERK, Ludwig – BÖHME, Franz M. 1963. [1893–1894]: Deutscher Liederhort. 3 vols. (Wiesbaden: G. Olms)
[14] FRAKES, Jerold C. (ed.). 2004. Early Yiddish Texts 1100–1750 (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
[15] FRAKES, Jerold C. (ed.). 2014. Early Yiddish Epic (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press)
[16] FREIMANN, Aaron. 1899. "Megillat Shmuel", Kobez al Jad, no. 15, 2, pp. 1–29
[17] FREIMANN, Jacob. 1923. "Geschichte der Juden in Prossnitz", Jahrbuch der Jüdisch-Literarischen Gesellschaft 15, pp. 26–58
[18] FUKS, Lajb (ed.). 1957. The Oldest Known Literary Documents of Yiddish Literature (c. 1382), 2 vols. (Leiden: E. J. Brill)
[19] FUMERTON, Patricia – KOSEK, Pavel – HANZELKOVÁ, Marie (eds.). 2022. Czech Broadside Ballads as Multimedia Text, Art, Song, and Popular Culture, c. 1600–1900 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press)
[20] GLINERT, Lewis. 2008. "Language: Hebrew", in HUNDERT, Gershon David (ed.): YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press), pp. 977–979
[21] GROSSMAN, Avraham. 1999. "The Cultural and Social Background of Jewish Martyrdom in Germany in 1096," in HAVERKAMP, Alfred (ed.): Juden und Christen zur Zeit der Kreuzzüge (Sigmaringen: Thorbecke), pp. 73–86
[22] HEIDE, Albert van der. 2017. 'Now I Know': Five Centuries of Aqedah Exegesis (Cham: Springer)
[23] HOCK, Simon – KAUFMANN, David (ed.). 1892. Die Familien Prags nach den Epitaphien des alten jüdischen Friedhofs in Prag (Pressburg: Adolf Alkalay)
[24] JAKOBOVITS, Tobias. 1932. "Die Erlebnisse des Oberrabbiners Simon Spira-Wedeles in Prag (1640–1679)", Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in der Čechoslovakischen Republik, no. 4, pp. 253–296
[25] KATZ, Dovid. 2008. "Language: Yiddish", in HUNDERT, Gershon David (ed.): YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press), pp. 979–987
[26] KATZ, Jakob. 1973. Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of the Jewish Emancipation 1770–1870 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)
[27] KAUFMANN, David. 1889. Die letzte Vertreibung der Juden aus Wien und Niederösterreich (Wien: Carl Konegen)
[28] KAY, Devra. 2004. Seyder Tkhines: The Forgotten Book of Common Prayer for Jewish Women. (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society)
[29] KLEIN, Isaac. 1979. A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America)
[30] KORMAN, Ezra. 1928. Yidishe dikhterins: Antologye (Chicago: L. M. Stein)
[31] LIEBEN, Salomon Hugo. 1938. "Megillath Samuel", Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in der Čechoslovakischen Republik, no. 9, pp. 307–342
[32] MATUT, Diana (ed.). 2011. Dichtung und Musik im frühneuzeitlichen Aschkenas in Mss. Opp. add. 4° 136 der Bodleian Library, Oxford (das so genannte Wallich-Manuskript) und Ms. hebr. oct. 219 der Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Frankfurt a. M., 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill)
[33] NEUBERG, Simon. 2021. Epidemien im Spiegel älterer jiddischer Texte (Hamburg: Buske)
[34] RÖHRICH, Lutz – BREDNICH, Rolf Wilhelm. 1965. Deutsche Volkslieder: Texte und Melodien, 2 vols. (Düsseldorf: Schwann)
[35] ROMAN, Oren. 2015. "Be-nign Shmuel-bukh: On the Melody or Melodies Mentioned in Old-Yiddish Epics", Aschkenas: Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden, no. 25 (1), pp. 145–160
[36] ROMAN, Oren. 2016. "Early Ashkenazic Poems about the Binding of Isaac", Naharaim: Journal of German-Jewish Literature and Culture History, no. 10 (2), pp. 175–194
[37] ROMAN, Oren – SCHLEIFER, Eliyahu. 2020. "Niggun 'Akedah: A Traditional Melody Concerning the Binding of Isaac", Yuval Online Journal for Jewish Music Studies, no. 11 (new series), pp. 1–41
[38] SHMERUK, Chone. 1978. Yiddish Literature: Aspects of Its History (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University. (Hebrew))
[39] SHMERUK, Chone. 1981. Yiddish Literature in Poland: Historical Studies and Perspectives (Jerusalem: Magnes Press. (Hebrew))
[40] SHMIDMAN, Joshua H. 2007. "Zekhut Avot", in BERENBAUM, Michael – SKOLNIK, Fred (eds.): Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., vol. xxi (Detroit, MI: Macmillan), pp. 497–498
[41] SOLOVEITCHIK, Haym. 1987. "Religious Law and Change: The Medieval Ashkenazic Example", AJS Review, no. 12, 2, pp. 205–221
[42] SPIEGEL, Shalom. 1967. The Last Trial: On the Legends and Lore of the Command to Abraham to Offer Isaac as a Sacrifice: the Akedah. Trans. Judah Goldin (New York: Pantheon Books)
[43] STEINSCHNEIDER, Moritz. 1852–1860. Catalogus librorum hebraeorum in bibliotheca Bodleiana (Berlin: n. p.)
[44] STÖBER, Rudolf. 2005. Deutsche Pressegeschichte: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, 3rd edition (Konstanz: UTB)
[45] TEPLITSKY, Joshua. 2019. Prince of the Press: How One Collector Built History's Most Enduring and Remarkable Jewish Library (New Haven: Yale University Press)
[46] TEPLITSKY, Joshua. 2020 "Heroes and Victims without Villains: Plague in Early Modern Prague", Jewish Social Studies, no. 26, 1, pp. 67–76
[47] TIMM, Erika. 2001. "Glikls Sprache vor ihrem sozialhistorischen und geographischen Hintergrund", in RICHARZ, Monika (ed.): Die Hamburger Kauffrau Glikl: Jüdische Existenz in der frühen Neuzeit (Hamburg: Christians Verlag)
[48] TIMM, Erika – BECKMANN, Gustav Adolf. 2005. Historische jiddische Semantik: Die Bibelübersetzungssprache als Faktor der Auseinanderentwicklung des jiddischen und des deutschen Wortschatzes (Tübingen: M. Niemeyer)
[49] TURNIANSKY, Chava. 1988. "Yiddish Song as Historical Source Material: Plague in the Judenstadt of Prague in 1713", in RAPOPORT, Albert Ada – ZIPPERSTEIN, Steven J.: Jewish History: Essays in Honour of Chimen Abramsky (London: P. Halban)
[50] TURNIANSKY, Chava. 1989. "Yiddish 'Historical' Songs as Sources for the History of the Jews in Pre-partition Poland", Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, no. 4 (1989), pp. 42–52
[51] TURNIANSKY, Chava. 1991. "On Old-Yiddish Biblical Epics", International Folklore Review, no. 8, pp. 26–33
[52] TURNIANSKY, Chava. 2000. "The Events in Frankfurt am Main (1612–1616) in 'Megillas Vints' and in an Unknown Yiddish 'Historical' Song", in GRAETZ, Michael (ed.): Schöpferische Momente des europäischen Judentums in der frühen Neuzeit (Heidelberg: C. Winter), pp. 121–137
[53] ULMER, Rivka. 2001. Turmoil, Trauma and Triumph: The Fettmilch Uprising in Frankfurt am Main (1612–1616) According to Megillas Vintz. A critical edition of the Yiddish and Hebrew text, including an English translation (Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang)
[54] WACHSTEIN, Bernard. 1929. "R. Azaryo de Rossis 'Hadras zkeynim' in yidisher iberzetsung", Filologishe shriftn, no. 3, pp. 369–374
[55] WEINBERGER, Leon J. 1998. Jewish Hymnography: A Literary History (London: Vallentine, Mitchell)
[56] WEINREICH, Max. 1927. Shturemvint: Bilder fun der yidisher geshikhte in 17tn yorhundert (Vilna: Tamar)
[57] WEINREICH, Max. 2008. History of the Yiddish Language, edited by Paul Glasser and translated by Shlomo Noble with the assistance of Joshua A. Fishman. 2 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press)
[58] YASSIF, Eli. 1978. Akedat Yiẓḥak: Meḥkarim be-hitpatḥuta shel masoret sifrutit (Jerusalem: Makor)
[59] YERUSHALMI, Yosef Hayim. 1982. Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Seattle: University of Washington Press)
[60] Deutsche Biographie, [online], URL:https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118730991.html#ndbcontent [Accessed 20 February 2023]