Title: The present perfect in past time contexts : a diachronic study of English
Source document: Brno studies in English. 2023, vol. 49, iss. 2, pp. 5-29
Extent
5-29
-
ISSN0524-6881 (print)1805-0867 (online)
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2023-2-1
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/digilib.79902
Type: Article
Language
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
Rights access
open access
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
Throughout the history, English has developed a category of the present perfect that can be considered prototypical when compared to the same categories in other typologically similar languages. Although the present perfect in Standard British English has not reached the final stage of acquiring preterit semantics, data from diachronic corpora provides evidence that the English present perfect had the potential to follow a similar path of grammaticalization like the German Perfekt, for instance. This paper presents an investigation of data collected from several diachronic English corpora and employs a usage-based approach to elicit the mechanisms underlying the incipient semantic shift of the present perfect. It is argued that a functional overlap with verbs in the simple past at an early stage of its evolution and later movement towards perfective past tense, though not attested on a large scale, reflect developments in certain pragmatic contexts, in particular with topicalized temporal adverbials. It is claimed that in passages where new information becomes crucial, alongside the completion of the action, temporal properties of the 'hot news' perfects tend to be foregrounded.
References
[1] Bauer, Gero (1970) Studien zum System und Gebrauch der Tempora in der Sprache Chaucers and Gowers. Stuttgart: Braumüller.
[2] Burgos, Daniel (2004) Anteriority marking in British English, Standard German and Argentinean Spanish: An Empirical Examination with Special Emphasis on Temporal Adverbials. München: Lincom Europa.
[3] Bybee, Joan, Perkins, Revere, and Pagliuca, William (1994) The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[4] Carey, Kathleen (1994) Pragmatics, Subjectivity and the Grammaticalization of the English Perfect. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego.
[5] Comrie, Bernard (1976) Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[6] Dahl, Östen (1985) Tense and Aspect Systems. Oxford: Blackwell.
[7] Davydova, Julia (2011) The Present Perfect in Non-native Varieties of English: A Corpus-Based Study of Variation. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI:10.1515/9783110255027
[8] de Swart, Henriëtte (2007) A cross-linguistic discourse analysis of the Perfect. Journal of Pragmatics 39 (12), 2273–2307.
[9] de Vos, Mark Andrew (2005) The Syntax of Pseudo-Coordination in English and Afrikaans. Ph.D. dissertation, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics.
[10] Denison, David (1993) English Historical Syntax: Verbal Constructions. London and New York: Longman.
[11] Denison, David (2017) Ambiguity and vagueness in historical change. In: Marianne Hundt, Sandra Mollin, Simone E. Pfenninger (eds.) The Changing English Language: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 292–318. | DOI 10.1515/icame-2018-0012
[12] Dentler, Sigrid (1997) Zur Perfekterneuerung im Mittelhochdeutschen. Die Erweiterung des zeitreferentiellen Funktionsbereichs von Perfektfügungen. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
[13] Depraetere, Ilse (1996) The Tense System in English Relative Clauses: A Corpus-based Analysis. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI 10.1515/9783110869033
[14] Detges, Ulrich (2000) Time and truth: The grammaticalization of resultatives and perfects within a theory of subjectification. Studies in Language 24 (2), 345–377. DOI:10.1075/sl.24.2.05det
[15] Diessel, Holger (2017) Usage-based linguistics. In: Mark Aronoff (ed.) The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–26. DOI:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.363 | DOI 10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.363
[16] Drinka, Bridget (2017) Language Contact in Europe: The Periphrastic Perfect through History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/9781139027694
[17] Elsness, Johan (1997) The Perfect and the Preterite in Contemporary and Earlier English. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI:10.1515/9783110810264
[18] Elsness, Johan (2009) The perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English. In: Pam Peters, Peter Collins and Adam Smith (eds.) Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English: Grammar and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 89–114. | DOI 10.1075/veaw.g39.06els
[19] Fischer, Olga (1992) Syntax. In: Norman Blake (ed.) The Cambridge History of the English Language, vol. II. 1066-1476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 207–408. | DOI 10.1017/chol9780521264754.005
[20] Fischer, Olga and van der Wurff, Wim (2006) Syntax. In: Richard Hogg and David Denison (eds.) A History of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 109-198. DOI 10.1017/cbo9780511791154.004
[21] Hans-Jürgen Diller, Hendrik De Smet and Jukka Tyrkkö (2011) The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0. (CLMET 3.0).
[22] Hopper, Paul J. (1991) On some principles of grammaticalization. In: Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine (eds.) Approaches to Grammaticalization, vol. I. Amsterdam: John Benjamins,17–35.
[23] Hundt, Marianne, and Smith, Nicholas (2009) The present perfect in British and American English: Has there been any change, recently. ICAME Journal 33 (1), 45–64.
[24] Jacobs, Andreas and Jucker, Andreas H. (1995) The historical perspective in pragmatics. In: Andreas H. Jucker (ed.) Historical Pragmatics. Pragmatic Developments in the History of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3–33. | DOI 10.1075/pbns.35.04jac
[25] Jesperson, Otto (1931) A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, part IV: Syntax (Third Volume). London: George Allen & Unwin and Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard [Reprinted 1961 and 1965 by J. Dickens & Co., Northampton].
[26] Johannsen, Berit (2016) From possessive-resultative to perfect? Re-assessing the meaning of [hæbb-+ past participle] constructions in Old English prose. In: Valentin Werner, Elena Seoane, Cristina Suárez-Gómez (eds.) Reassessing the Present Perfect. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Walter, 23–41. | DOI 10.1515/9783110443530-004
[27] Kohnen, Thomas (2014) Speech acts: A diachronic perspective. In: Karin Aijmer and Christoph Rühlemann (eds.) Corpus Pragmatics: A Handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 52-83. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139057493.004 | DOI 10.1017/s1360674315000234
[28] Komen, Erwin R. (2009) Corpus Studio Manual. Nijmegen: Radboud University Nijmegen.
[29] Korrel, Lia. (1993) The use of the present perfect in English and in Dutch: A look behind the scenes. Lingua 89 (1), 1–37. | DOI 10.1016/0024-3841(93)90038-x
[30] Kortmann, Bernd, Lunkenheimer, Kerstin and Ehret, Katharina (eds.) (2020) The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3712132 (Available online at http://ewave-atlas.org, Accessed on 2023-10-09.)
[31] Kroch Anthony, Santorini Beatrici and Diertani Ariel (2004) The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Linguistics.
[32] Kroch, Anthony and Taylor, Ann (2000) The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English (PPCME2). Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania.
[33] Kytö, Merja (1997) Be/have+ past participle: The choice of the auxiliary with intransitives from Late Middle to Modern English. In: Matti Rissanen, Merja Kytö, Kirsi Heikkonen (eds.) English in Transition: Corpus-based Studies in Linguistic Variation Genre Styles. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton 17–85. DOI:10.1515/9783110811148.17 | DOI 10.1515/9783110811148.17
[34] Kytö, Merja, and Romaine, Suzanne (2008) 'My Dearest Minnykins': Style, Gender and Affect in 19th Century English Letters. In: Greg Watson (ed.) The State of Stylistics: PALA 26. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 229–263. DOI:10.1163/9789401206082_014 | DOI 10.1163/9789401206082_014
[35] Larsson, Ida (2009) Participles in Time. The Development of the Perfect Tense in Swedish. Ph.D dissertation. Göteborgs universitet.
[36] Leiss, Elisabeth (1992) Die Verbalkategorien des Deutschen: Ein Beitrag zur Theorie der sprachlichen Kategorisierung. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI:10.1515/9783110883541
[37] Lindstedt, Jouko (2000) The perfect – aspectual, temporal and evidential. In: Östen Dahl (ed.) 6 Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton, 365–383. | DOI 10.1515/9783110197099.3.365
[38] Macleod, Morgan Dylan (2012) The Perfect in Old English and Old Saxon: The Synchronic and Diachronic Correspondence of Form and Meaning. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge.
[39] McCawley, James D. (1971) Tense and Time Reference in English. In: Charles J. Fillmore and D. Terrence Langendoen (eds.) Studies in Linguistic Semantics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 97–113.
[40] McCoard, Robert William (1978) The English Perfect: Tense Choice and Pragmatic Inferences. Amsterdam: North-Holland. DOI:10.2307/325264
[41] McFadden, Thomas (2017) On the disappearance of the BE perfect in Late Modern English. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 49(2), 159–175. DOI:10.1080/03740463.2017.1351845 | DOI 10.1080/03740463.2017.1351845
[42] McFadden, Thomas, and Alexiadou, Artemis (2006) Auxiliary selection and counterfactuality in the history of English and Germanic. In: Jutta M. Hartmann and Laszlo Molnarfi (eds.) Comparative Studies in Germanic Syntax: From Afrikaans to Zurich German, Linguistik Aktuell/ Linguistics Today 97. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 237-262. DOI:10.1075/la.97.12mcf | DOI 10.1075/la.97.12mcf
[43] Michaelis, Laura (2002) Aspectual Grammar and Past Time Reference. London: Routledge.
[44] Michaelis, Laura Adrienne (2006) Time and tense. In: Bas Aarts and April McMahon (eds.) The Handbook of English Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 220–234.
[45] Mitchell, Bruce (1985) Old English Syntax, I-II. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[46] Mustanoja, Tauno F. (2016) A Middle English Syntax. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamin.
[47] Okuda, Shimpei, Hosaka, Michio, and Sasahara, Kazutoshi (2023) Detecting directional forces in the evolution of grammar: A case study of the English perfect with intransitives across EEBO, COHA, and Google Books. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10, 285. DOI:10.1057/s41599-023-01766-z | DOI 10.1057/s41599-023-01766-z
[48] Portner, Paul (2019) 10. Perfect and progressive. In: Paul Portner, Klaus von Heusinger and Claudia Maienborn (eds.) Semantics – Noun Phrases and Verb Phrases. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 313–368. DOI:10.1515/9783110589443-010 | DOI 10.1515/9783110589443
[49] Postma, Gertjan (2010) The impact of failed changes. In: Anne Breitbarth, Christopher Lucas, Sheila Watts, David Willis (eds.) Continuity and Change in Grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 269–302.
[50] Quirk, Randolph and Wrenn, C. L. (1960) An Old English Grammar. London: Methuen & Co Ltd.
[51] Rissanen, Matti (1999) Syntax. In: Roger Lass (ed.) The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. III, 1476–1776. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 187–331. | DOI 10.1017/chol9780521264761.005
[52] Ritz, Marie-Eve (2012) Perfect tense and aspect. In: Robert I. Binnick (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect. New York: Oxford University Press, 881–907. | DOI 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195381979.013.0031
[53] Ritz, Marie-Eve, and Engel, Dulcie M. (2008) 'Vivid narrative use' and the meaning of the present perfect in spoken Australian English. Linguistics 46 (1), 131–160. DOI:10.1515/LING.2008.005 | DOI 10.1515/ling.2008.005
[54] Schaden, Gerhard (2012) Modelling the "aoristic drift of the present perfect" as inflation: An essay in historical pragmatics. International Review of Pragmatics 4 (2), 261–292. DOI:10.1163/18773109-00040207 | DOI 10.1163/18773109-00040207
[55] Schwenter, Scott A. (1994) 'Hot news' and the grammaticalization of perfects. Linguistics 32 (6), 995–1028. DOI:10.1515/ling.1994.32.6.995 | DOI 10.1515/ling.1994.32.6.995
[56] Schwenter, Scott A., and Cacoullos, Rena Torres (2008) Defaults and indeterminacy in temporal grammaticalization: The 'perfect' road to perfective. Language Variation and Change 20(1), 1–39. DOI:10.1515/lingty-2019-0020 | DOI 10.1017/s0954394508000057
[57] Skala, Julia (2018) The Present Perfect Puzzle in US-American English: an FDG Analysis. Open Linguistics 4 (1), 608–629. | DOI 10.1515/opli-2018-0030
[58] Slobin, Dan. I. (1994) Talking perfectly: Discourse origins of the present perfect. In: William Pagliuca (ed.) Perspectives on Grammaticalization (Current in Linguistic Theory), 109. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 119–133. | DOI 10.1075/cilt.109.04slo
[59] Tagliamonte, Sali. (2000) The grammaticalization of the present perfect in English: Tracks of change and continuity in a linguistic enclave. In: Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach and Dieter Stein (eds.) Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 329–354. | DOI 10.1075/slcs.53.16tag
[60] Taylor Ann, Nurmi Arja, Warner Anthony, Pintzuk Susan and Nevalainen Terttu (2006) The Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence. York: University of York and Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
[61] Taylor Ann, Warner Anthony, Pintzuk Susan, Beths Frank (2003) The York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE). Department of Linguistics, University of York. | DOI 10.1057/9780230223202_9
[62] Trudgill, Peter (1984) Standard English in England. In: Peter Trudgill (ed.) Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 32–44.
[63] Walker, Jim (2011) The emergence of the narrative present perfect in British English: Reality or illusion? Groninger Arbeiten zur germanistischen Linguistik 53 (2), 71–87.
[64] Walker, Jim (2012) Lowth and 'Perfect Time': The periphrastic have-perfect in 18th-century English grammars. Historiographia linguistica 39 (1), 77–92. | DOI 10.1075/hl.39.1.06wal
[65] Walker, Jim (2017) The Present Perfect has only gone and changed, hasn't it? In: Marc Fryd & Pierre-Don Giancarli (eds.) Aorists and Perfects: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 25–41. | DOI 10.1163/9789004326651_004
[66] Werner, Valentin (2016) Rise of the undead? be-perfects in World Englishes. In: Valentin Werner, Elena Seoane, Cristina Suárez-Gómez (eds.) Re-assessing the Present Perfect. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 259–294. DOI:10.1515/9783110443530-012 | DOI 10.1515/9783110443530-012
[67] Werner, Valentin (2014) The Present Perfect in World Englishes: Charting. Unity and Diversity. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press.
[68] Williams, Eddie (2006) The present perfect in English media discourse in the UK. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics 3, 9–26.
[69] Wischer, Ilse, and Habermann, Mechthild (2004) Der Gebrauch von Präfixverben zum Ausdruck von Aspekt/Aktionsart im Altenglischen und Althochdeutschen. Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik 32 (2), 262–285. DOI:10.1515/zfgl.2004.32.2.262 | DOI 10.1515/zfgl.2004.32.2.262
[70] Wright, Joseph (1905) The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, New York and Toronto: Henry Frowde.
[71] Wynne, Terence Stewart (2000) The Present Perfect: A Corpus-based Investigation. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Stirling.
[72] Yao, Xinyue (2015) The present perfect and the preterite in Australian English: A diachronic perspective. In: Peter Collins (ed.) Grammatical change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 247–268. | DOI 10.1075/scl.67.11yao
[2] Burgos, Daniel (2004) Anteriority marking in British English, Standard German and Argentinean Spanish: An Empirical Examination with Special Emphasis on Temporal Adverbials. München: Lincom Europa.
[3] Bybee, Joan, Perkins, Revere, and Pagliuca, William (1994) The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[4] Carey, Kathleen (1994) Pragmatics, Subjectivity and the Grammaticalization of the English Perfect. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego.
[5] Comrie, Bernard (1976) Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[6] Dahl, Östen (1985) Tense and Aspect Systems. Oxford: Blackwell.
[7] Davydova, Julia (2011) The Present Perfect in Non-native Varieties of English: A Corpus-Based Study of Variation. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI:10.1515/9783110255027
[8] de Swart, Henriëtte (2007) A cross-linguistic discourse analysis of the Perfect. Journal of Pragmatics 39 (12), 2273–2307.
[9] de Vos, Mark Andrew (2005) The Syntax of Pseudo-Coordination in English and Afrikaans. Ph.D. dissertation, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics.
[10] Denison, David (1993) English Historical Syntax: Verbal Constructions. London and New York: Longman.
[11] Denison, David (2017) Ambiguity and vagueness in historical change. In: Marianne Hundt, Sandra Mollin, Simone E. Pfenninger (eds.) The Changing English Language: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 292–318. | DOI 10.1515/icame-2018-0012
[12] Dentler, Sigrid (1997) Zur Perfekterneuerung im Mittelhochdeutschen. Die Erweiterung des zeitreferentiellen Funktionsbereichs von Perfektfügungen. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
[13] Depraetere, Ilse (1996) The Tense System in English Relative Clauses: A Corpus-based Analysis. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI 10.1515/9783110869033
[14] Detges, Ulrich (2000) Time and truth: The grammaticalization of resultatives and perfects within a theory of subjectification. Studies in Language 24 (2), 345–377. DOI:10.1075/sl.24.2.05det
[15] Diessel, Holger (2017) Usage-based linguistics. In: Mark Aronoff (ed.) The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–26. DOI:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.363 | DOI 10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.363
[16] Drinka, Bridget (2017) Language Contact in Europe: The Periphrastic Perfect through History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/9781139027694
[17] Elsness, Johan (1997) The Perfect and the Preterite in Contemporary and Earlier English. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI:10.1515/9783110810264
[18] Elsness, Johan (2009) The perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English. In: Pam Peters, Peter Collins and Adam Smith (eds.) Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English: Grammar and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 89–114. | DOI 10.1075/veaw.g39.06els
[19] Fischer, Olga (1992) Syntax. In: Norman Blake (ed.) The Cambridge History of the English Language, vol. II. 1066-1476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 207–408. | DOI 10.1017/chol9780521264754.005
[20] Fischer, Olga and van der Wurff, Wim (2006) Syntax. In: Richard Hogg and David Denison (eds.) A History of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 109-198. DOI 10.1017/cbo9780511791154.004
[21] Hans-Jürgen Diller, Hendrik De Smet and Jukka Tyrkkö (2011) The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0. (CLMET 3.0).
[22] Hopper, Paul J. (1991) On some principles of grammaticalization. In: Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine (eds.) Approaches to Grammaticalization, vol. I. Amsterdam: John Benjamins,17–35.
[23] Hundt, Marianne, and Smith, Nicholas (2009) The present perfect in British and American English: Has there been any change, recently. ICAME Journal 33 (1), 45–64.
[24] Jacobs, Andreas and Jucker, Andreas H. (1995) The historical perspective in pragmatics. In: Andreas H. Jucker (ed.) Historical Pragmatics. Pragmatic Developments in the History of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3–33. | DOI 10.1075/pbns.35.04jac
[25] Jesperson, Otto (1931) A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, part IV: Syntax (Third Volume). London: George Allen & Unwin and Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard [Reprinted 1961 and 1965 by J. Dickens & Co., Northampton].
[26] Johannsen, Berit (2016) From possessive-resultative to perfect? Re-assessing the meaning of [hæbb-+ past participle] constructions in Old English prose. In: Valentin Werner, Elena Seoane, Cristina Suárez-Gómez (eds.) Reassessing the Present Perfect. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Walter, 23–41. | DOI 10.1515/9783110443530-004
[27] Kohnen, Thomas (2014) Speech acts: A diachronic perspective. In: Karin Aijmer and Christoph Rühlemann (eds.) Corpus Pragmatics: A Handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 52-83. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139057493.004 | DOI 10.1017/s1360674315000234
[28] Komen, Erwin R. (2009) Corpus Studio Manual. Nijmegen: Radboud University Nijmegen.
[29] Korrel, Lia. (1993) The use of the present perfect in English and in Dutch: A look behind the scenes. Lingua 89 (1), 1–37. | DOI 10.1016/0024-3841(93)90038-x
[30] Kortmann, Bernd, Lunkenheimer, Kerstin and Ehret, Katharina (eds.) (2020) The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3712132 (Available online at http://ewave-atlas.org, Accessed on 2023-10-09.)
[31] Kroch Anthony, Santorini Beatrici and Diertani Ariel (2004) The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Linguistics.
[32] Kroch, Anthony and Taylor, Ann (2000) The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English (PPCME2). Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania.
[33] Kytö, Merja (1997) Be/have+ past participle: The choice of the auxiliary with intransitives from Late Middle to Modern English. In: Matti Rissanen, Merja Kytö, Kirsi Heikkonen (eds.) English in Transition: Corpus-based Studies in Linguistic Variation Genre Styles. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton 17–85. DOI:10.1515/9783110811148.17 | DOI 10.1515/9783110811148.17
[34] Kytö, Merja, and Romaine, Suzanne (2008) 'My Dearest Minnykins': Style, Gender and Affect in 19th Century English Letters. In: Greg Watson (ed.) The State of Stylistics: PALA 26. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 229–263. DOI:10.1163/9789401206082_014 | DOI 10.1163/9789401206082_014
[35] Larsson, Ida (2009) Participles in Time. The Development of the Perfect Tense in Swedish. Ph.D dissertation. Göteborgs universitet.
[36] Leiss, Elisabeth (1992) Die Verbalkategorien des Deutschen: Ein Beitrag zur Theorie der sprachlichen Kategorisierung. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI:10.1515/9783110883541
[37] Lindstedt, Jouko (2000) The perfect – aspectual, temporal and evidential. In: Östen Dahl (ed.) 6 Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton, 365–383. | DOI 10.1515/9783110197099.3.365
[38] Macleod, Morgan Dylan (2012) The Perfect in Old English and Old Saxon: The Synchronic and Diachronic Correspondence of Form and Meaning. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge.
[39] McCawley, James D. (1971) Tense and Time Reference in English. In: Charles J. Fillmore and D. Terrence Langendoen (eds.) Studies in Linguistic Semantics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 97–113.
[40] McCoard, Robert William (1978) The English Perfect: Tense Choice and Pragmatic Inferences. Amsterdam: North-Holland. DOI:10.2307/325264
[41] McFadden, Thomas (2017) On the disappearance of the BE perfect in Late Modern English. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 49(2), 159–175. DOI:10.1080/03740463.2017.1351845 | DOI 10.1080/03740463.2017.1351845
[42] McFadden, Thomas, and Alexiadou, Artemis (2006) Auxiliary selection and counterfactuality in the history of English and Germanic. In: Jutta M. Hartmann and Laszlo Molnarfi (eds.) Comparative Studies in Germanic Syntax: From Afrikaans to Zurich German, Linguistik Aktuell/ Linguistics Today 97. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 237-262. DOI:10.1075/la.97.12mcf | DOI 10.1075/la.97.12mcf
[43] Michaelis, Laura (2002) Aspectual Grammar and Past Time Reference. London: Routledge.
[44] Michaelis, Laura Adrienne (2006) Time and tense. In: Bas Aarts and April McMahon (eds.) The Handbook of English Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 220–234.
[45] Mitchell, Bruce (1985) Old English Syntax, I-II. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[46] Mustanoja, Tauno F. (2016) A Middle English Syntax. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamin.
[47] Okuda, Shimpei, Hosaka, Michio, and Sasahara, Kazutoshi (2023) Detecting directional forces in the evolution of grammar: A case study of the English perfect with intransitives across EEBO, COHA, and Google Books. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10, 285. DOI:10.1057/s41599-023-01766-z | DOI 10.1057/s41599-023-01766-z
[48] Portner, Paul (2019) 10. Perfect and progressive. In: Paul Portner, Klaus von Heusinger and Claudia Maienborn (eds.) Semantics – Noun Phrases and Verb Phrases. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 313–368. DOI:10.1515/9783110589443-010 | DOI 10.1515/9783110589443
[49] Postma, Gertjan (2010) The impact of failed changes. In: Anne Breitbarth, Christopher Lucas, Sheila Watts, David Willis (eds.) Continuity and Change in Grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 269–302.
[50] Quirk, Randolph and Wrenn, C. L. (1960) An Old English Grammar. London: Methuen & Co Ltd.
[51] Rissanen, Matti (1999) Syntax. In: Roger Lass (ed.) The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. III, 1476–1776. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 187–331. | DOI 10.1017/chol9780521264761.005
[52] Ritz, Marie-Eve (2012) Perfect tense and aspect. In: Robert I. Binnick (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect. New York: Oxford University Press, 881–907. | DOI 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195381979.013.0031
[53] Ritz, Marie-Eve, and Engel, Dulcie M. (2008) 'Vivid narrative use' and the meaning of the present perfect in spoken Australian English. Linguistics 46 (1), 131–160. DOI:10.1515/LING.2008.005 | DOI 10.1515/ling.2008.005
[54] Schaden, Gerhard (2012) Modelling the "aoristic drift of the present perfect" as inflation: An essay in historical pragmatics. International Review of Pragmatics 4 (2), 261–292. DOI:10.1163/18773109-00040207 | DOI 10.1163/18773109-00040207
[55] Schwenter, Scott A. (1994) 'Hot news' and the grammaticalization of perfects. Linguistics 32 (6), 995–1028. DOI:10.1515/ling.1994.32.6.995 | DOI 10.1515/ling.1994.32.6.995
[56] Schwenter, Scott A., and Cacoullos, Rena Torres (2008) Defaults and indeterminacy in temporal grammaticalization: The 'perfect' road to perfective. Language Variation and Change 20(1), 1–39. DOI:10.1515/lingty-2019-0020 | DOI 10.1017/s0954394508000057
[57] Skala, Julia (2018) The Present Perfect Puzzle in US-American English: an FDG Analysis. Open Linguistics 4 (1), 608–629. | DOI 10.1515/opli-2018-0030
[58] Slobin, Dan. I. (1994) Talking perfectly: Discourse origins of the present perfect. In: William Pagliuca (ed.) Perspectives on Grammaticalization (Current in Linguistic Theory), 109. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 119–133. | DOI 10.1075/cilt.109.04slo
[59] Tagliamonte, Sali. (2000) The grammaticalization of the present perfect in English: Tracks of change and continuity in a linguistic enclave. In: Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach and Dieter Stein (eds.) Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 329–354. | DOI 10.1075/slcs.53.16tag
[60] Taylor Ann, Nurmi Arja, Warner Anthony, Pintzuk Susan and Nevalainen Terttu (2006) The Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence. York: University of York and Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
[61] Taylor Ann, Warner Anthony, Pintzuk Susan, Beths Frank (2003) The York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE). Department of Linguistics, University of York. | DOI 10.1057/9780230223202_9
[62] Trudgill, Peter (1984) Standard English in England. In: Peter Trudgill (ed.) Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 32–44.
[63] Walker, Jim (2011) The emergence of the narrative present perfect in British English: Reality or illusion? Groninger Arbeiten zur germanistischen Linguistik 53 (2), 71–87.
[64] Walker, Jim (2012) Lowth and 'Perfect Time': The periphrastic have-perfect in 18th-century English grammars. Historiographia linguistica 39 (1), 77–92. | DOI 10.1075/hl.39.1.06wal
[65] Walker, Jim (2017) The Present Perfect has only gone and changed, hasn't it? In: Marc Fryd & Pierre-Don Giancarli (eds.) Aorists and Perfects: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 25–41. | DOI 10.1163/9789004326651_004
[66] Werner, Valentin (2016) Rise of the undead? be-perfects in World Englishes. In: Valentin Werner, Elena Seoane, Cristina Suárez-Gómez (eds.) Re-assessing the Present Perfect. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 259–294. DOI:10.1515/9783110443530-012 | DOI 10.1515/9783110443530-012
[67] Werner, Valentin (2014) The Present Perfect in World Englishes: Charting. Unity and Diversity. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press.
[68] Williams, Eddie (2006) The present perfect in English media discourse in the UK. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics 3, 9–26.
[69] Wischer, Ilse, and Habermann, Mechthild (2004) Der Gebrauch von Präfixverben zum Ausdruck von Aspekt/Aktionsart im Altenglischen und Althochdeutschen. Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik 32 (2), 262–285. DOI:10.1515/zfgl.2004.32.2.262 | DOI 10.1515/zfgl.2004.32.2.262
[70] Wright, Joseph (1905) The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, New York and Toronto: Henry Frowde.
[71] Wynne, Terence Stewart (2000) The Present Perfect: A Corpus-based Investigation. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Stirling.
[72] Yao, Xinyue (2015) The present perfect and the preterite in Australian English: A diachronic perspective. In: Peter Collins (ed.) Grammatical change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 247–268. | DOI 10.1075/scl.67.11yao