Název: Where cooperation meets politeness : revisiting politeness models in view of the Gricean framework
Zdrojový dokument: Brno studies in English. 2009, roč. 35, č. 1, s. [23]-43
Rozsah
[23]-43
-
ISSN0524-6881 (print)1805-0867 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/105123
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: Neurčená licence
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
The Gricean model of Cooperative Principle, together with the subordinate maxims and implicatures emergent from flouts thereof, forms the bedrock for pragmatic politeness theories (Lakoff 1973, 1977, 1989; Leech 1983, 2003, 2005; Brown and Levinson 1978, 1987), as well as the complementary impoliteness framework (Culpeper 1996, 2005; Culpeper et al. 2003; Harris 2001; Bousfield 2008; Bousfield and Locher 2008; cf. Lachenicht 1980; Austin 1990). Also, several proponents of politeness based on the Gricean view champion the concept of politeness implicature (e.g. Haugh 2002, 2007) or politeness maxims (Burt 1999, Kallia 2004). Despite the growing literature on politeness and proliferating critiques of pragmatic politeness theories, with a few notable exceptions (e.g. Fraser 1990, 2005; Braun 1988; Held 1992; Watts 1992a; Terkourafi 2003; Bousfield 2008), authors rarely address the problem of the models' (in)adequacy as regards their unsound foundation in the Gricean framework. This theoretical paper presents a critical overview of politeness models in the light of their treatment, frequently ill-advised, of the Cooperative Principle and its subordinate maxims.
Reference
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[38] Kallia, Alexandra (2004) 'Linguistic politeness: the implicature approach'. Multilingua 23, 145–169. | DOI 10.1515/mult.2004.003
[39] Kasper, Gabriele (1990) 'Linguistic politeness: Current research issues'. Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2), 193–218. | DOI 10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W
[40] Kopytko, Roman (1993) Polite Discourse in Shakespeare's English. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
[41] Lachenicht, Lance G. (1980) 'Aggravating language: a study of abusive and insulting language'. International Journal of Human Communication 13 (4), 607–688.
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[44] Lakoff, Robin (1977) 'What you can do with words: Politeness, pragmatics and performatives'. In: R. Rogers, R. Wall and J. Murphy (eds.) Proceedings of the Texas Conference on Performatives, Presuppositions and Implicatures. Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 79–106.
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[50] Leech, Geoffrey N. and Jennifer Thomas (1990) 'Language, meaning and context: pragmatics'. In: Neville Collinge (ed.) An Encyclopedia of Language. London: Routledge, 173–206.
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[59] Terkourafi, Marina (2005) 'An argument for a frame-based approach to politeness: Evidence from the use of the imperative in Cypriot Greek' In: Robin T. Lakoff and Sachiko Ide (eds.) Broadening the Horizon of Linguistic Politeness. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 99–116.
[60] Thomas, Jenny (1986) The Dynamics of Discourse: A Pragmatic Analysis of Confrontational Interaction. Unpublished PhD thesis, Lancaster University, UK.
[61] Tracy, Karen (1990) 'The Many Faces of Facework'. In: Howard Giles and William P. Robinson (eds.) Handbook of Language and Social Psychology. Chichester: Wiley, 209–226.
[62] Turner, Ken (1996) 'The principal principles of pragmatic inference: politeness'. Language Teaching 29 (1), 1–13. | DOI 10.1017/S0261444800008211
[63] Turner, Ken (2003) 'W= D(S,H) + P(H,S) + R: (Notes towards an investigation)'. Revue de Semantique et Pragmatique 13, 47–67.
[64] Watts, Richard (1989) 'Relevance and relational work: Linguistic politeness as politic behavior'. Multilingua 8, 131–166. | DOI 10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.131
[65] Watts, Richard (1992a) 'Linguistic politeness research: Quo vadis?' In: Richard Watts, Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton, xi–xlvii.
[66] Watts, Richard (1992b) 'Linguistic politeness and politic verbal behaviour: Reconsidering claims for universality'. In: Richard Watts, Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton, 43–69.
[67] Watts, Richard (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[68] Watts, Richard, Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (1992) 'Introduction' In: Richard Watts, Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton, 1–17.
[2] Austin, Paddy (1990) 'Politeness revisited—the dark side'. In: Allan Bell and Janet Holmes (eds.) New Zealand Ways of Speaking English. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 277–293.
[3] Baxter, Leslie A. (1984) 'An investigation of compliance gaining as politeness'. Human Communication Research 10, 427–456. | DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00026.x
[4] Blum-Kulka, Shoshana (1987) 'Indirectness and politeness in requests: same or different?' Journal of Pragmatics 11, 131–146. | DOI 10.1016/0378-2166(87)90192-5
[5] Blum-Kulka, Shoshana (1990) 'You don't touch lettuce with your fingers: parental politeness in family discourse'. Journal of Pragmatics 14, 259–288. | DOI 10.1016/0378-2166(90)90083-P
[6] Blum-Kulka, Shoshana (1992) 'The metapragmatics of politeness in Israeli society'. In: Richard Watts, Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton, 255–280.
[7] Bousfield, Derek (2008) Impoliteness in Interaction. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
[8] Bousfield, Derek and Miriam Locher (eds.) (2008) Impoliteness in Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
[9] Braun, Friederike (1988) Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
[10] Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson (1978) 'Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena'. In: Esther Goody (ed.) Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 56–311.
[11] Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[12] Burt, Susan (1999) 'Maxim confluence'. Paper presented at Pragma 99, Tel Aviv, Israel.
[13] Craig, Robert, Karen Tracy and Frances Spisak (1986) 'The discourse of requests: assessment of a politeness approach'. Human Communication Research 12, 437–468. | DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00087.x
[14] Culpeper, Jonathan (1996) 'Towards an anatomy of impoliteness'. Journal of Pragmatics 25, 349–367. | DOI 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00014-3
[15] Culpeper, Jonathan (2005) 'Impoliteness and entertainment in the television quiz show: The Weakest Link'. Journal of Politeness Research 1, 35–72.
[16] Culpeper Jonathan, Derek Bousfield, Anne Wichmann (2003) 'Impoliteness revisited: with special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects'. Journal of Pragmatics 35, 1545–1579. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00118-2
[17] Davies, Bethan (2000) 'Grice's Cooperative Principle: Getting the meaning across'. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 8, 1–26.
[18] Davies, Bethan (2007) 'Grice's Cooperative Principle: Meaning and rationality'. Journal of Pragmatics 39, 2308–2331. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2007.09.002
[19] Dillard, James, Steven Wilson, Kyle Tusing and Terry Kinney (1997) 'Politeness judgments in personal relationships'. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16, 297–325. | DOI 10.1177/0261927X970163003
[20] Dynel, Marta (2008) 'There is method in the humorous speaker's madness: Humour and Grice's model'. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 4, 159–185.
[21] Dynel, Marta (2009) Humorous Garden-Paths: A Pragmatic-Cognitive Study. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
[22] Eelen, Gino (2001) A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
[23] Escandell-Vidal, Victoria (1996) 'Towards a cognitive approach to politeness'. Language Sciences 18, 629–654. | DOI 10.1016/S0388-0001(96)00039-3
[24] Fraser, Bruce (1990) 'Perspectives on politeness'. Journal of Pragmatics 14, 219–236. | DOI 10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-N
[25] Fraser, Bruce (2005) 'Whither politeness'. In: Robin T. Lakoff and Sachiko Ide (eds.) Broadening the Horizon of Linguistic Politeness. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 65–85.
[26] Glick, Douglas J. (1996) 'A reappraisal of Brown and Levinson's politeness: Some universals in language usage, eighteen years later'. Semiotica 109 (1/2), 141–171.
[27] Goffman, Erving (1955) 'On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction'. Psychiatry: Journal of Interpersonal Relations 18, 213–231. Reprinted in: Erving Goffman (1967) Interaction Ritual. Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 5–46.
[28] Grandy, Richard and Richard Warner (1986) 'Paul Grice. A review of his work'. In: Richard Grandy and Richard Warner (eds.) Philosophical Grounds of Rationality. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1–44.
[29] Grice, Paul Herbert (1989a) 'Logic and conversation'. In: Paul Herbert Grice. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 22–40. Originally published in: In: Peter Cole and Henry Morgan (eds.) (1975) Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, 41–58; and in: Donald Davison and G. Harman (eds.) (1975) The Logic of Grammar. Encino: Dickenson, 64–75.
[30] Grice, Paul Herbert (1989b) 'Further notes on logic and conversation'. In: Paul Grice. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 41–57. Origonally published in: Peter Cole (ed.) (1978) Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 9. New York: Academic Press , 113–127.
[31] Grice, Paul Herbert (1989c) 'Retrospective epilogue'. In: Paul Herbert Grice. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 339–386.
[32] Harris, Sandra (2001) 'Being politically impolite: extending politeness theory to adversarial political discourse'. Discourse and Society 12 (4), 451–472. | DOI 10.1177/0957926501012004003
[33] Haugh, Michael (2002) 'The intuitive basis of implicature'. Pragmatics 12(2), 117–134. | DOI 10.1075/prag.12.2.01hau
[34] Haugh, Michael (2007) 'The co-constitution of politeness implicature in conversation'. Journal of Pragmatics 39, 84–110. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.004
[35] Held, Gudrun (1992) 'Politeness in linguistic research'. In: Richard Watts, Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton, 131–153.
[36] Holtgraves, Tom (2002) Language as Social Action: Social Psychology and Language Use. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
[37] Jary, M. (1998) 'Relevance theory and the communication of politeness'. Journal of Pragmatics 30 (1), 1–19. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(98)80005-2
[38] Kallia, Alexandra (2004) 'Linguistic politeness: the implicature approach'. Multilingua 23, 145–169. | DOI 10.1515/mult.2004.003
[39] Kasper, Gabriele (1990) 'Linguistic politeness: Current research issues'. Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2), 193–218. | DOI 10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W
[40] Kopytko, Roman (1993) Polite Discourse in Shakespeare's English. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
[41] Lachenicht, Lance G. (1980) 'Aggravating language: a study of abusive and insulting language'. International Journal of Human Communication 13 (4), 607–688.
[42] Lakoff, Robin (1973) 'The logic of politeness; Or, minding your p's and q's'. In: Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 292–305.
[43] Lakoff, Robin (1975) Language and Women's Place. New York: Harper and Row.
[44] Lakoff, Robin (1977) 'What you can do with words: Politeness, pragmatics and performatives'. In: R. Rogers, R. Wall and J. Murphy (eds.) Proceedings of the Texas Conference on Performatives, Presuppositions and Implicatures. Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 79–106.
[45] Lakoff, Robin (1989) 'The limits of politeness'. Multilingua 8, 101–129. | DOI 10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.101
[46] Lakoff, Robin T. and Sachiko Ide (2005) 'Introduction. Broadening the horizon of linguistic politeness'. In: Robin T. Lakoff and Sachiko Ide (eds.) Broadening the Horizon of Linguistic Politeness. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1–20.
[47] Leech, Geoffrey N. (1983) Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
[48] Leech, Geoffrey N. (2003) 'Towards an anatomy of politeness in communication'. International Journal of Pragmatics 14, 101–123.
[49] Leech, Geoffrey N. (2005) 'Is there an East-West divide in Politeness?' Journal of Foreign Languages 6: 1–30.
[50] Leech, Geoffrey N. and Jennifer Thomas (1990) 'Language, meaning and context: pragmatics'. In: Neville Collinge (ed.) An Encyclopedia of Language. London: Routledge, 173–206.
[51] Lim, Tae-Seop and John Bowers (1991) 'Face-work, solidarity, approbation, and tact'. Human Communication Research 17, 415–450. | DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00239.x
[52] Locher, Miriam (2004) Power and Politeness in Action: Disagreements in Oral Communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
[53] Meier, Ardith J. (1995) 'Passages of politeness'. Journal of Pragmatics 24, 381–392. | DOI 10.1016/0378-2166(94)00053-H
[54] Scollon, Ron and Suzanne Scollon (1981) Narrative, Literacy, and Face in Interethnic Communication. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
[55] Scollon, Ron and Suzanne Scollon (1983) 'Face in interethnic communication'. In Jack Richards and Richard Schmidt (eds.) Language and Communication. New York: Longman, 156–188.
[56] Scollon Ron and Suzanne Scollon (1995) Intercultural Communication. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
[57] Strecker, Ivo (1988) The Social Practice of Symbolization: An Anthropological Analysis. London: Athlone Press.
[58] Terkourafi, Marina (2003) 'Generalised and particularised implicatures of politeness'. In Peter Kuehlein, Hannes Rieser and Hent Zeevat (eds.) Perspectives on Dialogue in the New Millennium. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 149–164.
[59] Terkourafi, Marina (2005) 'An argument for a frame-based approach to politeness: Evidence from the use of the imperative in Cypriot Greek' In: Robin T. Lakoff and Sachiko Ide (eds.) Broadening the Horizon of Linguistic Politeness. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 99–116.
[60] Thomas, Jenny (1986) The Dynamics of Discourse: A Pragmatic Analysis of Confrontational Interaction. Unpublished PhD thesis, Lancaster University, UK.
[61] Tracy, Karen (1990) 'The Many Faces of Facework'. In: Howard Giles and William P. Robinson (eds.) Handbook of Language and Social Psychology. Chichester: Wiley, 209–226.
[62] Turner, Ken (1996) 'The principal principles of pragmatic inference: politeness'. Language Teaching 29 (1), 1–13. | DOI 10.1017/S0261444800008211
[63] Turner, Ken (2003) 'W= D(S,H) + P(H,S) + R: (Notes towards an investigation)'. Revue de Semantique et Pragmatique 13, 47–67.
[64] Watts, Richard (1989) 'Relevance and relational work: Linguistic politeness as politic behavior'. Multilingua 8, 131–166. | DOI 10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.131
[65] Watts, Richard (1992a) 'Linguistic politeness research: Quo vadis?' In: Richard Watts, Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton, xi–xlvii.
[66] Watts, Richard (1992b) 'Linguistic politeness and politic verbal behaviour: Reconsidering claims for universality'. In: Richard Watts, Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton, 43–69.
[67] Watts, Richard (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[68] Watts, Richard, Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (1992) 'Introduction' In: Richard Watts, Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton, 1–17.