Název: Face effects of verbal antagonism in online discussions
Zdrojový dokument: Brno studies in English. 2014, roč. 40, č. 1, s. [65]-87
Rozsah
[65]-87
-
ISSN0524-6881 (print)1805-0867 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2014-1-4
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/131483
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: Neurčená licence
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
Based on a corpus of internet discussions on medical topics, this study examines a salient characteristic of the genre – the prevalence of aggressive verbal antagonism. Drawing on concepts of face, rapport management and relational work, I argue that the effects of verbally aggressive behaviour in this genre are not only destructive and anti-social, but also perform a constructive function, offering benefits both to individual speakers and to the discourse community as a whole. The analysis shows how speakers target different aspects of their opponents' face, deploying a range of face attack strategies (moves). The study then seeks to demonstrate how aggressive facework can help speakers construct and enhance their own face, as well as functioning as a stimulus to constructive relational work among participants.
Note
This article is an output of the ESF-funded project "Posílení rozvoje Centra výzkumu odborného jazyka angličtiny a němčiny na Filozofické fakultě Ostravské univerzity" (OP Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost, reg. no. CZ.1.07/2.3.20.0222).
Reference
[1] Angouri, Jo and Theodora Tseliga (2010) "'You have no idea what you are talking about'! From e-disagreement to e-impoliteness in two online fora." Journal of Politeness Research 6, 57–82. | DOI 10.1515/jplr.2010.004
[2] Bhatia, Vijay K. (2004) Worlds of Written Discourse. A Genre-Based View. London and New York: Continuum.
[3] Bolander, Brook (2013) Language and Power in Blogs. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
[4] Bousfield, Derek (2007) "Beginnings, middles and ends: A biopsy of the dynamics of impolite exchanges." Journal of Pragmatics 39, 2185–2216. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.005
[5] Bousfield, Derek (2013) "Face in conflict." Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 1 (1), 37–57. | DOI 10.1075/jlac.1.1.03bou
[6] Bruxelles, Sylvie and Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2004) "Coalitions in polylogues." Journal of Pragmatics 36, 75–113. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00037-7
[7] Culpeper, Jonathan (1996) "Towards an anatomy of impoliteness." Journal of Pragmatics 25, 349–367. | DOI 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00014-3
[8] Culpeper, Jonathan (2011) Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[9] Dobs, Abby M. and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich (2013) "Impoliteness in polylogal interaction: Accounting for face-threat witnesses' responses." Journal of Pragmatics 53, 112–130.
[10] Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet (1992) "Think practically and act locally: Language and gender as community-based practice." Annual Review of Anthropology 21, 461–490. | DOI 10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002333
[11] Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, Pilar (2010) "A genre approach to the study of (im)politeness." International Review of Pragmatics 2, 46–94. | DOI 10.1163/187731010X491747
[12] Goffman, Erving (1955) "On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction." Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes 18 (3), 213–231. Reprinted in Goffman, Erving (1967) Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face-to-Face Behavior. Chicago: Aldine. | DOI 10.1080/00332747.1955.11023008
[13] Graham, Sage Lambert (2007) "Disagreeing to agree: Conflict, (im)politeness and identity in a computer-mediated community." Journal of Pragmatics 39, 742–759. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.017
[14] Hardaker, Claire (2010) "Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions." Journal of Politeness Research 6, 215–242.
[15] Hardaker, Claire (2013) "'Uh…not to be nitpicky,,,,,but…the past tense of drag is dragged, not drug.': An overview of trolling strategies." Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 1 (1), 58–86. | DOI 10.1075/jlac.1.1.04har
[16] Haugh, Michael (2013) "Im/politeness, social practice and the participation order." Journal of Pragmatics 58, 52–72. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2013.07.003
[17] Hopkinson, Christopher (2012) "Antagonistic facework in online discussion fora." In: Hopkinson, Christopher, Renáta Tomášková and Gabriela Zapletalová (eds.) The Interpersonal Function of Language Across Genres and Discourse Domains. Ostrava: University of Ostrava, 113–153.
[18] Hopkinson, Christopher (2013) "Trolling in online discussions: From provocation to communitybuilding." Brno Studies in English 39 (1), 5–25. | DOI 10.5817/BSE2013-1-1
[19] Kádár, Daniel Z. and Michael Haugh (2013) Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[20] Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine (2004) "Introducing polylogue." Journal of Pragmatics 36, 1–24. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00034-1
[21] Kleinke, Sonja (2010) "Interactive aspects of computer-mediated communication." In: Tanskanen, Sanna-Kaisa, Marja-Liisa Helasvuo, Marjut Johansson and Mia Raitaniemi (eds.) Discourses in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 195–222.
[22] Kreuz, Roger J. and Richard M. Roberts (1995) "Two cues for verbal irony: hyperbole and the ironic tone of voice." Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10, 21–31. | DOI 10.1207/s15327868ms1001_3
[23] Leech, Geoffrey (1983) Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
[24] Lewis, Diana M. (2005) "Arguing in English and French asynchronous online discussion." Journal of Pragmatics 37, 1801–1818. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2005.02.014
[25] Locher, Miriam A. and Richard J. Watts (2008) "Relational work and impoliteness: Negotiating norms of linguistic behaviour." In: Bousfield, Derek and Miriam A. Locher (eds.) Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 77–99.
[26] Lorenzo-Dus, Nuria and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich (2011) "On-line polylogues and impoliteness: the case of postings sent in response to the Obama Reggaeton YouTube video." Journal of Pragmatics 43, 2578–2593. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.03.005
[27] Marcoccia, Michel (2004) "On-line polylogues: Conversation structure and participation framework in internet newsgroups." Journal of Pragmatics 36, 115–145. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00038-9
[28] McCall, George J. (2003) "Interaction." In: Reynolds, Larry T. and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney (eds.) Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 327–348.
[29] Milroy, Lesley (1980) Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.
[30] Neurauter-Kessels, Manuela (2011) "Im/polite reader responses on British online news sites." Journal of Politeness Research 7, 187–214.
[31] O’Driscoll, Jim (2007) "What's in an FTA? Reflections on a chance meeting with Claudine." Journal of Politeness Research 3 (2), 243–268.
[32] Perelmutter, Renee (2013) "Klassika zhanra: The flamewar as a genre in the Russian blogosphere." Journal of Pragmatics 45, 74–89. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2012.10.006
[33] Reid, Elizabeth (1999) "Hierarchy and power: Social control in cyberspace." In: Smith, Marc and Peter Kollock (eds.) Communities in Cyberspace. London and New York: Routledge, 107–133.
[34] Ruhi, Sükriye (2010) "Face as an indexical category in interaction." Journal of Pragmatics 42, 2131–2146. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.020
[35] Sacks, Harvey (1972a) "An initial investigation of the usability of conversational data for doing sociology." In: Sudnow, David (ed.) Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press, 31–74.
[36] Sacks, Harvey (1972b) "On the analyzability of stories by children." In: Gumperz, John J. and Dell Hymes (eds.) Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 325–345.
[37] Schegloff, Emanuel A. (2007) "A tutorial on membership categorization." Journal of Pragmatics 39, 462–482. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.007
[38] Shum, Winnie and Cynthia Lee (2013) "(Im)politeness and disagreement in two Hong Kong Internet discussion forums." Journal of Pragmatics 50, 52–83. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2013.01.010
[39] Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2000) "Rapport Management: A Framework for Analysis." In: Spencer-Oatey, Helen (ed.) Culturally Speaking: Managing Rapport Through Talk Across Cultures. London and New York: Continuum, 11–46.
[40] Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2002) "Managing rapport in talk: Using rapport sensitive incidents to explore the motivational concerns underlying the management of relations." Journal of Pragmatics 34, 529–545. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(01)00039-X
[41] Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2007) "Theories of identity and the analysis of face." Journal of Pragmatics 39, 639–656. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.12.004
[42] Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson (1998) "Irony and relevance." In: Carston, Robyn and Uchida, Seiji (eds.) Relevance Theory: Applications and Implications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 283–293.
[43] Swales, John M. (1990) Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[44] Tajfel, Henri and John C. Turner (1979) "An integrative theory of intergroup conflict." In: Austin, William G. and Stephen Worchel (eds.) The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 33–47.
[45] Upadhyay, Shiv R. (2010) "Identity and impoliteness in computer-mediated reader responses." Journal of Politeness Research 6, 105–127.
[46] Watts, Richard J. (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[47] Waugh, Linda R. (2010) "Pronominal choice in French conversational interaction: Indices of national identity in identity acts." In: Tanskanen, Sanna-Kaisa, Marja-Liisa Helasvuo, Marjut Johansson and Mia Raitaniemi (eds.) Discourses in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 81–100.
[48] Wilson, Deirdre (2006) "The pragmatics of verbal irony: echo or pretence?" Lingua 116, 1722–1743. | DOI 10.1016/j.lingua.2006.05.001
[49] Wilson, Deirdre (2013) "Irony comprehension: A developmental perspective." Journal of Pragmatics 59, 40–56. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2012.09.016
[50] Wilson, Deirdre and Dan Sperber (2012) "Explaining irony." In: Wilson, Deirdre and Dan Sperber (eds.) Meaning and Relevance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 123–145.
[51] http:www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/10/antioxidant-myth-easy-to-swallow
[52] http:www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jan/14/fast-food-child-asthma-allergies
[53] http:www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/24/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-threat-medicine
[54] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/25/mediterranean-diet-strokes-heart-attacks
[55] http:www.theguardian.com/society/2013/mar/03/us-doctors-cure-child-born-hiv
[56] http:www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/mar/13/know-your-genome-personal-genetics
[57] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/mar/15/coronavirus-next-global-pandemic
[58] http:www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/mar/20/breastfeeding-myths-dispelled
[59] http:www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/mar/21/placebo-effect-medical-intervention
[60] http:www.theguardian.com/society/2013/apr/06/sam-parnia-resurrection-lazarus-effect
[61] http:www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/apr/14/stupid-humans-smart-enough-to-know-it
[62] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/apr/25/dna-double-helix-60-years-biological-revolution
[63] http:www.theguardian.com/science/the-lay-scientist/2013/may/01/mmr-swansea
[64] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/may/01/scientists-ageing-process
[65] http:www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/01/scientists-concerned-h7n9-bird-flu-outbreak
[66] http:www.theguardian.com/society/2013/may/07/antibiotics-cure-back-pain-patients
[67] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/may/15/human-embryonic-stem-cells-adult-tissue
[68] http:www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2013/may/20/mental-illnesses-depression-pms-culturallydetermined
[69] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/may/22/peering-bright-screens-dark-harm-health
[70] http:www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/may/26/is-plastic-food-packaging-dangerous
[2] Bhatia, Vijay K. (2004) Worlds of Written Discourse. A Genre-Based View. London and New York: Continuum.
[3] Bolander, Brook (2013) Language and Power in Blogs. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
[4] Bousfield, Derek (2007) "Beginnings, middles and ends: A biopsy of the dynamics of impolite exchanges." Journal of Pragmatics 39, 2185–2216. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.005
[5] Bousfield, Derek (2013) "Face in conflict." Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 1 (1), 37–57. | DOI 10.1075/jlac.1.1.03bou
[6] Bruxelles, Sylvie and Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2004) "Coalitions in polylogues." Journal of Pragmatics 36, 75–113. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00037-7
[7] Culpeper, Jonathan (1996) "Towards an anatomy of impoliteness." Journal of Pragmatics 25, 349–367. | DOI 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00014-3
[8] Culpeper, Jonathan (2011) Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[9] Dobs, Abby M. and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich (2013) "Impoliteness in polylogal interaction: Accounting for face-threat witnesses' responses." Journal of Pragmatics 53, 112–130.
[10] Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet (1992) "Think practically and act locally: Language and gender as community-based practice." Annual Review of Anthropology 21, 461–490. | DOI 10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002333
[11] Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, Pilar (2010) "A genre approach to the study of (im)politeness." International Review of Pragmatics 2, 46–94. | DOI 10.1163/187731010X491747
[12] Goffman, Erving (1955) "On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction." Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes 18 (3), 213–231. Reprinted in Goffman, Erving (1967) Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face-to-Face Behavior. Chicago: Aldine. | DOI 10.1080/00332747.1955.11023008
[13] Graham, Sage Lambert (2007) "Disagreeing to agree: Conflict, (im)politeness and identity in a computer-mediated community." Journal of Pragmatics 39, 742–759. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.017
[14] Hardaker, Claire (2010) "Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions." Journal of Politeness Research 6, 215–242.
[15] Hardaker, Claire (2013) "'Uh…not to be nitpicky,,,,,but…the past tense of drag is dragged, not drug.': An overview of trolling strategies." Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 1 (1), 58–86. | DOI 10.1075/jlac.1.1.04har
[16] Haugh, Michael (2013) "Im/politeness, social practice and the participation order." Journal of Pragmatics 58, 52–72. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2013.07.003
[17] Hopkinson, Christopher (2012) "Antagonistic facework in online discussion fora." In: Hopkinson, Christopher, Renáta Tomášková and Gabriela Zapletalová (eds.) The Interpersonal Function of Language Across Genres and Discourse Domains. Ostrava: University of Ostrava, 113–153.
[18] Hopkinson, Christopher (2013) "Trolling in online discussions: From provocation to communitybuilding." Brno Studies in English 39 (1), 5–25. | DOI 10.5817/BSE2013-1-1
[19] Kádár, Daniel Z. and Michael Haugh (2013) Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[20] Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine (2004) "Introducing polylogue." Journal of Pragmatics 36, 1–24. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00034-1
[21] Kleinke, Sonja (2010) "Interactive aspects of computer-mediated communication." In: Tanskanen, Sanna-Kaisa, Marja-Liisa Helasvuo, Marjut Johansson and Mia Raitaniemi (eds.) Discourses in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 195–222.
[22] Kreuz, Roger J. and Richard M. Roberts (1995) "Two cues for verbal irony: hyperbole and the ironic tone of voice." Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10, 21–31. | DOI 10.1207/s15327868ms1001_3
[23] Leech, Geoffrey (1983) Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
[24] Lewis, Diana M. (2005) "Arguing in English and French asynchronous online discussion." Journal of Pragmatics 37, 1801–1818. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2005.02.014
[25] Locher, Miriam A. and Richard J. Watts (2008) "Relational work and impoliteness: Negotiating norms of linguistic behaviour." In: Bousfield, Derek and Miriam A. Locher (eds.) Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 77–99.
[26] Lorenzo-Dus, Nuria and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich (2011) "On-line polylogues and impoliteness: the case of postings sent in response to the Obama Reggaeton YouTube video." Journal of Pragmatics 43, 2578–2593. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.03.005
[27] Marcoccia, Michel (2004) "On-line polylogues: Conversation structure and participation framework in internet newsgroups." Journal of Pragmatics 36, 115–145. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00038-9
[28] McCall, George J. (2003) "Interaction." In: Reynolds, Larry T. and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney (eds.) Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 327–348.
[29] Milroy, Lesley (1980) Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.
[30] Neurauter-Kessels, Manuela (2011) "Im/polite reader responses on British online news sites." Journal of Politeness Research 7, 187–214.
[31] O’Driscoll, Jim (2007) "What's in an FTA? Reflections on a chance meeting with Claudine." Journal of Politeness Research 3 (2), 243–268.
[32] Perelmutter, Renee (2013) "Klassika zhanra: The flamewar as a genre in the Russian blogosphere." Journal of Pragmatics 45, 74–89. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2012.10.006
[33] Reid, Elizabeth (1999) "Hierarchy and power: Social control in cyberspace." In: Smith, Marc and Peter Kollock (eds.) Communities in Cyberspace. London and New York: Routledge, 107–133.
[34] Ruhi, Sükriye (2010) "Face as an indexical category in interaction." Journal of Pragmatics 42, 2131–2146. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.020
[35] Sacks, Harvey (1972a) "An initial investigation of the usability of conversational data for doing sociology." In: Sudnow, David (ed.) Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press, 31–74.
[36] Sacks, Harvey (1972b) "On the analyzability of stories by children." In: Gumperz, John J. and Dell Hymes (eds.) Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 325–345.
[37] Schegloff, Emanuel A. (2007) "A tutorial on membership categorization." Journal of Pragmatics 39, 462–482. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.007
[38] Shum, Winnie and Cynthia Lee (2013) "(Im)politeness and disagreement in two Hong Kong Internet discussion forums." Journal of Pragmatics 50, 52–83. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2013.01.010
[39] Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2000) "Rapport Management: A Framework for Analysis." In: Spencer-Oatey, Helen (ed.) Culturally Speaking: Managing Rapport Through Talk Across Cultures. London and New York: Continuum, 11–46.
[40] Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2002) "Managing rapport in talk: Using rapport sensitive incidents to explore the motivational concerns underlying the management of relations." Journal of Pragmatics 34, 529–545. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(01)00039-X
[41] Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2007) "Theories of identity and the analysis of face." Journal of Pragmatics 39, 639–656. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.12.004
[42] Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson (1998) "Irony and relevance." In: Carston, Robyn and Uchida, Seiji (eds.) Relevance Theory: Applications and Implications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 283–293.
[43] Swales, John M. (1990) Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[44] Tajfel, Henri and John C. Turner (1979) "An integrative theory of intergroup conflict." In: Austin, William G. and Stephen Worchel (eds.) The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 33–47.
[45] Upadhyay, Shiv R. (2010) "Identity and impoliteness in computer-mediated reader responses." Journal of Politeness Research 6, 105–127.
[46] Watts, Richard J. (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[47] Waugh, Linda R. (2010) "Pronominal choice in French conversational interaction: Indices of national identity in identity acts." In: Tanskanen, Sanna-Kaisa, Marja-Liisa Helasvuo, Marjut Johansson and Mia Raitaniemi (eds.) Discourses in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 81–100.
[48] Wilson, Deirdre (2006) "The pragmatics of verbal irony: echo or pretence?" Lingua 116, 1722–1743. | DOI 10.1016/j.lingua.2006.05.001
[49] Wilson, Deirdre (2013) "Irony comprehension: A developmental perspective." Journal of Pragmatics 59, 40–56. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2012.09.016
[50] Wilson, Deirdre and Dan Sperber (2012) "Explaining irony." In: Wilson, Deirdre and Dan Sperber (eds.) Meaning and Relevance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 123–145.
[51] http:www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/10/antioxidant-myth-easy-to-swallow
[52] http:www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jan/14/fast-food-child-asthma-allergies
[53] http:www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/24/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-threat-medicine
[54] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/25/mediterranean-diet-strokes-heart-attacks
[55] http:www.theguardian.com/society/2013/mar/03/us-doctors-cure-child-born-hiv
[56] http:www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/mar/13/know-your-genome-personal-genetics
[57] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/mar/15/coronavirus-next-global-pandemic
[58] http:www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/mar/20/breastfeeding-myths-dispelled
[59] http:www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/mar/21/placebo-effect-medical-intervention
[60] http:www.theguardian.com/society/2013/apr/06/sam-parnia-resurrection-lazarus-effect
[61] http:www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/apr/14/stupid-humans-smart-enough-to-know-it
[62] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/apr/25/dna-double-helix-60-years-biological-revolution
[63] http:www.theguardian.com/science/the-lay-scientist/2013/may/01/mmr-swansea
[64] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/may/01/scientists-ageing-process
[65] http:www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/01/scientists-concerned-h7n9-bird-flu-outbreak
[66] http:www.theguardian.com/society/2013/may/07/antibiotics-cure-back-pain-patients
[67] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/may/15/human-embryonic-stem-cells-adult-tissue
[68] http:www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2013/may/20/mental-illnesses-depression-pms-culturallydetermined
[69] http:www.theguardian.com/science/2013/may/22/peering-bright-screens-dark-harm-health
[70] http:www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/may/26/is-plastic-food-packaging-dangerous