Název: Anna Komnene's narrative of the war against the Scythians
Zdrojový dokument: Graeco-Latina Brunensia. 2014, roč. 19, č. 2, s. [53]-70
Rozsah
[53]-70
-
ISSN1803-7402 (print)2336-4424 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/131948
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: Neurčená licence
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
The Alexiad by Anna Komnene is well-known. At times it raises controversial issues (e.g. concerning "full" authorship of the Byzantine princess), but all in all it represents a very valuable source of information. In this paper the author strives to examine just how precise and valuable the pieces of information she gives us in connection with the war of her father emperor Alexios Komnenos (1081–1118) against the Scythians (the Pechenegs) are. He also mentions chronological issues which at times are able to "darken" the course of events and render their putting back into the right context difficult. There are many inconsistencies of this type in Anna Komnene's narrative and for these reasons it is important to reestablish clear chronological order of events. Finally the author presents a concise description of the war against the Pechenegs based on the findings in the previous parts of his paper.
Note
This work was supported by the Program of "Employment of Newly Graduated Doctors of Science for Scientific Excellence" (grant number CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0009) co-financed from European Social Fund and the state budget of the Czech Republic.
Reference
[1] Bekker, I. [ed.]. 1853. Michaelis Attaliotæ Historia. CSHB. Bonnæ.
[2] Domanovszky, A. 1937. "Chronici hungarici compositio sæculi XIV." In Szentpétery, E. [ed.]. Scriptores rerum hungaricarum, Vol. I. Budapest.
[3] Gautier, P. 1962. "Le discours de Théophylacte de Bulgarie à l' autocrator Alexis Ier Comnène (6 janvier 1088)." REB, 20, 93–130. | DOI 10.3406/rebyz.1962.1282
[4] Gautier, P. 1970. "Diatribes de Jean l' Oxite contre Alexis Ier Comnène." REB, 28, 5–55. | DOI 10.3406/rebyz.1970.1427
[5] Gautier, P. [ed.]. 1975. Nicephori Bryenii Historiarum libri quattuor. CFHB. Brussels.
[6] Gautier, P. 1984. "Le typikon de Grégoire Pakourianos." REB, 42, 5–145. | DOI 10.3406/rebyz.1984.2154
[7] Hagenmeyer, H. [ed.]. 1973. Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088 – 1100. Hildesheim – New York.
[8] Chibnall, M. [ed.]. 1983. The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis. Volume II: Books III and IV. Oxford.
[9] Lampsidis, O. [ed.]. 1984. Εφραίμ του Αινίου χρονογραφία, Τόμος Α'. Athens.
[10] Mathieu, M. [ed.]. 1961. La geste de Robert Guiscard. Palermo.
[11] Moravcsik, Gy. [ed.]. 1967. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De administrando imperio. English Translation by R. J. H. Jenkins. Dumbarton Oaks.
[12] Pertz, G. H. [ed.]. 1926. Annalista Saxo. MHG SS, VI. Leipzig.
[13] Pertz, G. H. [ed.]. 1926. Bernoldi chronicon. MGH SS, V. Leipzig
[14] Pinder, M. [ed.]. 1897. Ioannis Zonaræ Epitome Historiarum. CSHB. Tomus III. Bonnæ.
[15] Reinsch, D. R. – Kambylis, A. [eds.]. 2001. Annæ Comnenæ Alexias. CFHB. Berlin.
[16] Thurn, I. [ed.]. 1979. Ioannis Scylitzæ Synopsis historiarum. CFHB. Berlin.
[17] Tsolakes, T. [ed.]. 1968. 'Ιωάννου Σκυλίτση χρονογραφίας συνέχεια. Thessalonike.
[18] Ahrweiler, H. 1966. Byzance et la mer. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
[19] Αναστασίου, I.: 1959. Oi Παυλικιανοί. H ιστορία καί ή διδασκαλία των από της έμφανήσεως μ έχρ ι των νεότερων χρόνων. Athens (PhD dissertation).
[20] Арутюнова, В. Α. 1972. "К вопросу о взаимоотношениях Византии с Печенегами и Половцами во время норманской кампании." ВВ, 33, 115–119.
[21] Brand, C. M. 1989. "The Turkish Element in Byzantium, Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries." DOP, 43, 1–25.
[22] Buckler, G. 1968. Anna Comnena, a Study. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[23] Diaconu, P. 1970. Les Petchénègues au Bas-Danube. Bucharest.
[24] Diaconu, P. 1978. Les Coumans au Bas-Danube aux XIe et XIIe siècles. Bucharest.
[25] Dieter, K. 1894. "Zur Glaubwürdigkeit der Anna Komnena." Byz. Zeitsch., 3, 386–390.
[26] Frankopan, P. 1996. "A Victory of Gregory Pakourianos against the Pechenegs." BSl, 57, 278–281.
[27] Gautier, P. 1977. "Défection et soumission de la Crète sous Alexis Ier Comnène." REB, 35, 215–227. | DOI 10.3406/rebyz.1977.2071
[28] Golden, P. B. 1990. "The people of the south Russian steppes." In Sinor, Denis [ed.]. The Cambridge History of early Inner Asia. Cambridge, 229–284.
[29] Göckenjan, H. 1993. "Pečenegen." In Lexikon des Mittelalters, 6.9, 1845–1846.
[30] Holtzmann, W. 1928. "Die Unionsverhandlungen zwischen Kaiser Alexios I und Papst Urban II im Jahre 1089." Byz. Zeitsch., 28, 38–67.
[31] Howard-Johnston, J. 1996. "Anna Komnene and the Alexiad." In Mullet, Margaret – Smythe, Don [eds.]. Alexius Komnenos Papers of the Second Belfast Byzantine International Colloquium, 14–16 April 1989. Belfast, 260–302.
[32] Hunger, H. 1978. Die hochsprachlige Profanliteratur der Byzantiner. Erster Band. Philosophie – Rhetorik – Epistolographie – Geschichtschreibung – Geographie. Munich.
[33] Chalandon, F. 1900. Essai sur le règne d' Alexis Ier Comnène (1081 – 1118). Paris.
[34] Charanis, P. 1949. "Byzantium, the West and the Origin of the First Crusade." Byzantion, 19, 17–36.
[35] Cheynet, J.-C. 1998. "La résistance aux Turcs en Asie Mineure entre Mantzikert et la première croisade." In Balard, Michel [ed.]. EÙyuc…a. Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler. Paris, 131–147.
[36] Йотов, Й. – Николов, Н. 2009. "Походът на Алексий I Комнин към Дръстър (1087 г.). Нови данни и интерпретация." In Пътуванията в средневековна България. Материали от първата национална конференция "Пътуване към България, пътуванията в средневековна България и съвременният туризъм" Шумен, 8.–11. 5. 2008 г. Veliko Trnovo, 432–447.
[37] Kаждан, A. П. 1963. "Иоанн Mавропод, Печенеги и Pусские в середине XIв." ZRVI, 8, 177–184.
[38] Každan, A. P. 1977. "Once more about the "alleged" Russo-Byzantine Treaty (ca. 1047) and the Pecheneg Crossing of the Danube." JÖB, 26, 65–77.
[39] Kühn, H.-J. 1991. Die byzantinische Armee im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert. Studien zur Organisation der Tagmata. Wien: Fassbaender.
[40] Lefort, J. 1976. "Rhétorique et politique. Trois discours de Jean Mauropous en 1047." TM, 6, 265–303.
[41] Luttwak, E. N. 2009. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge – London: Harvard University Press.
[42] Macrides, R. 2000. "The Pen and the Sword: Who wrote the Alexiad?" In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia [ed.]. Anna Komnene and her times. New York & London, 63–81.
[43] Madgearu, A. 1999. "The Military Organisation of Paradounavon." BSl, 60–2, 421–446.
[44] Madgearu, A. 2013a. Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th – 12th Centuries. Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[45] Madgearu, A. 2013b. "The Pechenegs in the Byzantine Army." In Curta, Florin – Maleon, Bogdan-Petru [eds.]. The Steppe Lands and the World beyond them. Studies in Honor of Victor Spinei on his 70th Birthday. Iaşi, 207–218.
[46] Malamut, E. 1995. "L'image Byzantine des Petschénègues." Byz. Zeitsch., 88, 105–147.
[47] Matthew, D. 1992. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge.
[48] Masanov, N. E. 1990. "La dispersion comme la loi générale de l'activité de la société nomade." In Francfort, Henri-Paul [ed.]. Nomades et sédéntaires en Asie Centrale. Apports de l'archéologie et de l'ethnologie. Actes du colloque franco-soviétique Alma Ata (Kazakhstan) 17–26 Octobre 1987. Paris, 193–203.
[49] McQueen, W. B. 1986. "Relations between the Normans and Byzantium 1071–1112." Byzantion, 56, 427–476.
[50] Meško, M. 2011a. "Notes sur la chronologie de la guerre des Byzantins contre les Petchénègues (1083 – 1091)." BSl, LXIX, 134–148.
[51] Meško, M. 2011b. "Pečenežsko-byzantské dobrodružstvo uhorského kráľa Šalamúna (1083 – 1087)." Konštantínove listy, 4, 77–94.
[52] Meško, M. 2012. Obnova byzantskej moci na Balkáne za vlády Alexia I. Komnéna. Druhá byzantsko-pečenežská vojna (1083–1091). Nitra.
[53] Meško, M. 2013. "Pecheneg Groups in the Balkans (ca. 1053–1091) according to the Byzantine Sources." In Curta, Florin – Maleon, Bogdan-Petru [eds.]. The Steppe Lands and the World beyond them. Studies in Honor of Victor Spinei on his 70th Birthday. Iaşi, 179–205.
[54] Moravcsik, G. 1958. Byzantinoturcica, ΙΙ. Berlin.
[55] Oikonomides, N. 1976. "Recherches sur l' histoire du Bas-Danube aux Xe – XIe siècles: la Mésopotamie d' Occident." In Documents et etudes sur les institutions de Byzance (VIIe – XVe s.). London: Variorum Reprints.
[56] Плетнева, С. A. 1958. "Печенеги, Торки и Половцы в южнорусских степях." МИА СССР, 62, 152–226.
[57] Pralong, A. 1988 "Remarques sur les fortifications byzantines de Thrace orientale." In Ahrweiler, Hélène [ed.]. Géographie historique du monde mediteranéen. Paris, 179–200.
[58] Pritsak, O. 1981a. "The Pečenegs. A Case of Social and Economic Transformation." In Studies in Medieval Eurasian History. London: Variorum Reprints, 4–29.
[59] Pritsak, O. 1981b. "Two Migratory Movements in Eurasian Steppe in the 9th–11th Centuries." In Studies in Medieval Eurasian History. London: Variorum Reprints, 157–163.
[60] Расовскій, Д. А. 1933. Печенђги, Торки и Берендђи на Руси и въ Угріи (Pétchénègues, Torks et Béréndés en Russie et en Hongrie). Prague: Institut Kondakov.
[61] Reinsch, D. R. 2000. "Women's Literature in Byzantium? – The Case of Anna Komnene." In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia [ed.]. Anna Komnene and her times. New York & London, 83–105.
[62] Σαββιδης, Α. Γ. Κ. 1991. "Ο Σελτζούκος εμίρης της Σμύρνης Τζαχάς (Çaka) και οι επιδρομές του στα μικρασιατικά παράλια, τα νησιά του ανατολικού Αιγαίου και την Κωνσταντινούπολη (c. 1081 – 1106), B' 1090 – c. 1106." In Βυζαντινοτουρκικά μελετήματα. Athens, 87–102.
[63] Shepard, J. 1975. "John Mauropous, Leo Tornicius and an alleged Russian Army, the Chronology of the Pecheneg Crisis of 1048–1049." JÖB, 24, 61–89.
[64] Shepard, J. 1985. "Information, Disinformation and Delay in Byzantine Diplomacy." Byz. Forsch., 10, 233–239.
[65] Shepard, J. 1988. "Aspects of Byzantine Attitudes and Policy towards the West in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries." Byz. Forsch., 13, 67–118.
[66] Spinei, V. 2003. The great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century. Cluj-Napoca.
[67] Stephenson, P. 1999. "The Byzantine Frontier at the Lower Danube in the Late Tenth and Eleventh Centuries." In Power, Daniel – Standen, Naomi [eds.]. Frontiers in Question. Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700. Edited by Daniel Power and Naomi Standen. Houndmills, 80–104.
[68] Tăpkova-Zaïmova, V. 1974. "La population du Bas-Danube et le pouvoir byzantin (XIe et XIIe siècles)." In Actes du XVe congrès international d'études byzantines, Athènes-septembre 1974, IV Histoire, Communications, 331–339.
[69] Tăpkova-Zaïmova, V. 1979. "Les μιξοβάρβαροι et la situation politique et ethnique au Bas-Danube pendant la seconde moitié du XIe s." In Byzance et les Balkans à partir du VIe siècle. Les mouvements ethniques et les états. London: Variorum Reprints, 615–619.
[70] Baсильевскій, B. 1872. "Византія и Печенеги." ЖМНП, 164, 1872, 116–165, 243–332.
[71] Златарски, В. Н. 1934. История на Вългарската държава презъ срђднитђ вђкове. Томъ ΙΙ. Вългария подъ византийско владичество (1018 – 1187). Sofia.
[2] Domanovszky, A. 1937. "Chronici hungarici compositio sæculi XIV." In Szentpétery, E. [ed.]. Scriptores rerum hungaricarum, Vol. I. Budapest.
[3] Gautier, P. 1962. "Le discours de Théophylacte de Bulgarie à l' autocrator Alexis Ier Comnène (6 janvier 1088)." REB, 20, 93–130. | DOI 10.3406/rebyz.1962.1282
[4] Gautier, P. 1970. "Diatribes de Jean l' Oxite contre Alexis Ier Comnène." REB, 28, 5–55. | DOI 10.3406/rebyz.1970.1427
[5] Gautier, P. [ed.]. 1975. Nicephori Bryenii Historiarum libri quattuor. CFHB. Brussels.
[6] Gautier, P. 1984. "Le typikon de Grégoire Pakourianos." REB, 42, 5–145. | DOI 10.3406/rebyz.1984.2154
[7] Hagenmeyer, H. [ed.]. 1973. Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088 – 1100. Hildesheim – New York.
[8] Chibnall, M. [ed.]. 1983. The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis. Volume II: Books III and IV. Oxford.
[9] Lampsidis, O. [ed.]. 1984. Εφραίμ του Αινίου χρονογραφία, Τόμος Α'. Athens.
[10] Mathieu, M. [ed.]. 1961. La geste de Robert Guiscard. Palermo.
[11] Moravcsik, Gy. [ed.]. 1967. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De administrando imperio. English Translation by R. J. H. Jenkins. Dumbarton Oaks.
[12] Pertz, G. H. [ed.]. 1926. Annalista Saxo. MHG SS, VI. Leipzig.
[13] Pertz, G. H. [ed.]. 1926. Bernoldi chronicon. MGH SS, V. Leipzig
[14] Pinder, M. [ed.]. 1897. Ioannis Zonaræ Epitome Historiarum. CSHB. Tomus III. Bonnæ.
[15] Reinsch, D. R. – Kambylis, A. [eds.]. 2001. Annæ Comnenæ Alexias. CFHB. Berlin.
[16] Thurn, I. [ed.]. 1979. Ioannis Scylitzæ Synopsis historiarum. CFHB. Berlin.
[17] Tsolakes, T. [ed.]. 1968. 'Ιωάννου Σκυλίτση χρονογραφίας συνέχεια. Thessalonike.
[18] Ahrweiler, H. 1966. Byzance et la mer. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
[19] Αναστασίου, I.: 1959. Oi Παυλικιανοί. H ιστορία καί ή διδασκαλία των από της έμφανήσεως μ έχρ ι των νεότερων χρόνων. Athens (PhD dissertation).
[20] Арутюнова, В. Α. 1972. "К вопросу о взаимоотношениях Византии с Печенегами и Половцами во время норманской кампании." ВВ, 33, 115–119.
[21] Brand, C. M. 1989. "The Turkish Element in Byzantium, Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries." DOP, 43, 1–25.
[22] Buckler, G. 1968. Anna Comnena, a Study. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[23] Diaconu, P. 1970. Les Petchénègues au Bas-Danube. Bucharest.
[24] Diaconu, P. 1978. Les Coumans au Bas-Danube aux XIe et XIIe siècles. Bucharest.
[25] Dieter, K. 1894. "Zur Glaubwürdigkeit der Anna Komnena." Byz. Zeitsch., 3, 386–390.
[26] Frankopan, P. 1996. "A Victory of Gregory Pakourianos against the Pechenegs." BSl, 57, 278–281.
[27] Gautier, P. 1977. "Défection et soumission de la Crète sous Alexis Ier Comnène." REB, 35, 215–227. | DOI 10.3406/rebyz.1977.2071
[28] Golden, P. B. 1990. "The people of the south Russian steppes." In Sinor, Denis [ed.]. The Cambridge History of early Inner Asia. Cambridge, 229–284.
[29] Göckenjan, H. 1993. "Pečenegen." In Lexikon des Mittelalters, 6.9, 1845–1846.
[30] Holtzmann, W. 1928. "Die Unionsverhandlungen zwischen Kaiser Alexios I und Papst Urban II im Jahre 1089." Byz. Zeitsch., 28, 38–67.
[31] Howard-Johnston, J. 1996. "Anna Komnene and the Alexiad." In Mullet, Margaret – Smythe, Don [eds.]. Alexius Komnenos Papers of the Second Belfast Byzantine International Colloquium, 14–16 April 1989. Belfast, 260–302.
[32] Hunger, H. 1978. Die hochsprachlige Profanliteratur der Byzantiner. Erster Band. Philosophie – Rhetorik – Epistolographie – Geschichtschreibung – Geographie. Munich.
[33] Chalandon, F. 1900. Essai sur le règne d' Alexis Ier Comnène (1081 – 1118). Paris.
[34] Charanis, P. 1949. "Byzantium, the West and the Origin of the First Crusade." Byzantion, 19, 17–36.
[35] Cheynet, J.-C. 1998. "La résistance aux Turcs en Asie Mineure entre Mantzikert et la première croisade." In Balard, Michel [ed.]. EÙyuc…a. Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler. Paris, 131–147.
[36] Йотов, Й. – Николов, Н. 2009. "Походът на Алексий I Комнин към Дръстър (1087 г.). Нови данни и интерпретация." In Пътуванията в средневековна България. Материали от първата национална конференция "Пътуване към България, пътуванията в средневековна България и съвременният туризъм" Шумен, 8.–11. 5. 2008 г. Veliko Trnovo, 432–447.
[37] Kаждан, A. П. 1963. "Иоанн Mавропод, Печенеги и Pусские в середине XIв." ZRVI, 8, 177–184.
[38] Každan, A. P. 1977. "Once more about the "alleged" Russo-Byzantine Treaty (ca. 1047) and the Pecheneg Crossing of the Danube." JÖB, 26, 65–77.
[39] Kühn, H.-J. 1991. Die byzantinische Armee im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert. Studien zur Organisation der Tagmata. Wien: Fassbaender.
[40] Lefort, J. 1976. "Rhétorique et politique. Trois discours de Jean Mauropous en 1047." TM, 6, 265–303.
[41] Luttwak, E. N. 2009. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge – London: Harvard University Press.
[42] Macrides, R. 2000. "The Pen and the Sword: Who wrote the Alexiad?" In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia [ed.]. Anna Komnene and her times. New York & London, 63–81.
[43] Madgearu, A. 1999. "The Military Organisation of Paradounavon." BSl, 60–2, 421–446.
[44] Madgearu, A. 2013a. Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th – 12th Centuries. Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[45] Madgearu, A. 2013b. "The Pechenegs in the Byzantine Army." In Curta, Florin – Maleon, Bogdan-Petru [eds.]. The Steppe Lands and the World beyond them. Studies in Honor of Victor Spinei on his 70th Birthday. Iaşi, 207–218.
[46] Malamut, E. 1995. "L'image Byzantine des Petschénègues." Byz. Zeitsch., 88, 105–147.
[47] Matthew, D. 1992. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge.
[48] Masanov, N. E. 1990. "La dispersion comme la loi générale de l'activité de la société nomade." In Francfort, Henri-Paul [ed.]. Nomades et sédéntaires en Asie Centrale. Apports de l'archéologie et de l'ethnologie. Actes du colloque franco-soviétique Alma Ata (Kazakhstan) 17–26 Octobre 1987. Paris, 193–203.
[49] McQueen, W. B. 1986. "Relations between the Normans and Byzantium 1071–1112." Byzantion, 56, 427–476.
[50] Meško, M. 2011a. "Notes sur la chronologie de la guerre des Byzantins contre les Petchénègues (1083 – 1091)." BSl, LXIX, 134–148.
[51] Meško, M. 2011b. "Pečenežsko-byzantské dobrodružstvo uhorského kráľa Šalamúna (1083 – 1087)." Konštantínove listy, 4, 77–94.
[52] Meško, M. 2012. Obnova byzantskej moci na Balkáne za vlády Alexia I. Komnéna. Druhá byzantsko-pečenežská vojna (1083–1091). Nitra.
[53] Meško, M. 2013. "Pecheneg Groups in the Balkans (ca. 1053–1091) according to the Byzantine Sources." In Curta, Florin – Maleon, Bogdan-Petru [eds.]. The Steppe Lands and the World beyond them. Studies in Honor of Victor Spinei on his 70th Birthday. Iaşi, 179–205.
[54] Moravcsik, G. 1958. Byzantinoturcica, ΙΙ. Berlin.
[55] Oikonomides, N. 1976. "Recherches sur l' histoire du Bas-Danube aux Xe – XIe siècles: la Mésopotamie d' Occident." In Documents et etudes sur les institutions de Byzance (VIIe – XVe s.). London: Variorum Reprints.
[56] Плетнева, С. A. 1958. "Печенеги, Торки и Половцы в южнорусских степях." МИА СССР, 62, 152–226.
[57] Pralong, A. 1988 "Remarques sur les fortifications byzantines de Thrace orientale." In Ahrweiler, Hélène [ed.]. Géographie historique du monde mediteranéen. Paris, 179–200.
[58] Pritsak, O. 1981a. "The Pečenegs. A Case of Social and Economic Transformation." In Studies in Medieval Eurasian History. London: Variorum Reprints, 4–29.
[59] Pritsak, O. 1981b. "Two Migratory Movements in Eurasian Steppe in the 9th–11th Centuries." In Studies in Medieval Eurasian History. London: Variorum Reprints, 157–163.
[60] Расовскій, Д. А. 1933. Печенђги, Торки и Берендђи на Руси и въ Угріи (Pétchénègues, Torks et Béréndés en Russie et en Hongrie). Prague: Institut Kondakov.
[61] Reinsch, D. R. 2000. "Women's Literature in Byzantium? – The Case of Anna Komnene." In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia [ed.]. Anna Komnene and her times. New York & London, 83–105.
[62] Σαββιδης, Α. Γ. Κ. 1991. "Ο Σελτζούκος εμίρης της Σμύρνης Τζαχάς (Çaka) και οι επιδρομές του στα μικρασιατικά παράλια, τα νησιά του ανατολικού Αιγαίου και την Κωνσταντινούπολη (c. 1081 – 1106), B' 1090 – c. 1106." In Βυζαντινοτουρκικά μελετήματα. Athens, 87–102.
[63] Shepard, J. 1975. "John Mauropous, Leo Tornicius and an alleged Russian Army, the Chronology of the Pecheneg Crisis of 1048–1049." JÖB, 24, 61–89.
[64] Shepard, J. 1985. "Information, Disinformation and Delay in Byzantine Diplomacy." Byz. Forsch., 10, 233–239.
[65] Shepard, J. 1988. "Aspects of Byzantine Attitudes and Policy towards the West in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries." Byz. Forsch., 13, 67–118.
[66] Spinei, V. 2003. The great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century. Cluj-Napoca.
[67] Stephenson, P. 1999. "The Byzantine Frontier at the Lower Danube in the Late Tenth and Eleventh Centuries." In Power, Daniel – Standen, Naomi [eds.]. Frontiers in Question. Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700. Edited by Daniel Power and Naomi Standen. Houndmills, 80–104.
[68] Tăpkova-Zaïmova, V. 1974. "La population du Bas-Danube et le pouvoir byzantin (XIe et XIIe siècles)." In Actes du XVe congrès international d'études byzantines, Athènes-septembre 1974, IV Histoire, Communications, 331–339.
[69] Tăpkova-Zaïmova, V. 1979. "Les μιξοβάρβαροι et la situation politique et ethnique au Bas-Danube pendant la seconde moitié du XIe s." In Byzance et les Balkans à partir du VIe siècle. Les mouvements ethniques et les états. London: Variorum Reprints, 615–619.
[70] Baсильевскій, B. 1872. "Византія и Печенеги." ЖМНП, 164, 1872, 116–165, 243–332.
[71] Златарски, В. Н. 1934. История на Вългарската държава презъ срђднитђ вђкове. Томъ ΙΙ. Вългария подъ византийско владичество (1018 – 1187). Sofia.