Název: Dobrý život, autentický život
Variantní název:
- A good life, an authentic life
Zdrojový dokument: Pro-Fil. 2015, roč. 16, č. 2, s. [105]-128
Rozsah
[105]-128
-
ISSN1212-9097
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/135085
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: Neurčená licence
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
Máme tři hlavní teorie blahobytu. První je hédonismus. To je teze, že blahobyt jednotlivce zcela závisí na tom, jak se cítí. Blahobyt prostě spočívá v potěšení. Pro člověka je dobré, aby ve svém životě prožíval příjemné zážitky. A je pro něj špatné, aby trpěl. Nejlepší život je pak takový, který znamená největší možnou převahu potěšení nad bolestí. Druhá je teorie touhy, která znamená, že něco je pro někoho dobré, protože to splňuje jeho touhu. Je na tom lépe do té míry, do jaké dostane to, po čem touží. Blahobyt tedy spočívá v realizaci subjektivních preferencí. Třetí teorie blahobytu je perfekcionismus. To je názor, že pro člověka je dobré, aby rozvíjel schopnosti, které jsou charakteristické pro lidský druh. Tyto schopnosti zahrnují zejména racionalitu, teoretickou i praktickou. Blahobyt spočívá v sebe-zdokonalování, v životě excelentní a ctnostné aktivity, resp. v dobrém fungování lidské bytosti. Počiny, jako jsou úspěšné projekty, poznání, estetická zkušenost, rodičovství a přátelství, jsou konstitutivní pro naši lidskou prosperitu. V tomto článku dospívám k závěru, že tyto tři konkurenční teorie ztělesňují odlišné koncepce autenticity.
We have three main theories of well-being. The first theory is hedonism. It is the thesis that individual well-being wholly depends on how he feels. Well-being simply consists in pleasure. What is good for him is the enjoyable experiences in his life. And what is bad for him is the suffering in his life. The best life is that with the greatest balance of pleasure over pain. The second one is the desire theory. It means that something is good for someone because it fulfils his desire. He is better off insofar as he gets what he wants. Briefly, well-being consists in the realization of subjective preferences. The third theory of well-being is perfectionism. It is the view that the development of certain characteristically human capacities is good. These capacities include, in the first place, our rationality, both theoretical and practical. Well-being consists in the self-perfection, in a life of excellent or virtuous activity, or well-functioning as human being. Endeavours such as achievements, knowledge, aesthetical experience, parenting and close friendships constitute our human flourishing. In this paper I conclude, that these three rival theories represent different conceptions of authenticity.
Reference
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[2] Arneson, R. J. Human Flourishing versus Desire Satisfaction, In Human Flourishing. PAUL E. F., Miller, F. D. Jr., PAUL J. (Eds.), Cambridge 1999, s. 15-37.
[3] Arpaly, N., SCHROEDER T. Praise of Desire. Oxford 2014.
[4] Badhwar, N. K. Realism Really Bad for You? A Realistic Response, In The Journal of Philosophy. Vol. 105, No. 2, 2008, s. 85-107. | DOI 10.5840/jphil200810526
[5] Badhwar, N. K. Well-Being: Happiness in a Worthwhile Life. Oxford 2014.
[6] Blackburn, S. Mirror, mirror: the uses and abuses of self-love. Princeton University Press 2014.
[7] Bradford, G. Perfectionism, In The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Well-Being. Fletcher G. (Ed.), Routledge 2015, s. 124-134.
[8] Bradley, B. Objective Theories of Well-Being, In The Cambridge Companion to Utilitarianism. Eggleston B., Miller D. E. (Eds.), Cambridge 2014, s. 220-238.
[9] Bradley, B. Well-Being. Polity 2015.
[10] Bramble, B. The Role of Pleasure in Well-Being, In The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Well-Being. Fletcher G. (Ed.), Routledge 2015, s. 199-208.
[11] Brandt, R. A Theory of the Good and the Right. Oxford 1979.
[12] Camosy, CH. C. Peter Singer and Christian ethics: beyond polarization. Cambridge 2012.
[13] Dorsey, D. Subjectivism without Desire, In Philosophical Review. Vol. 121, No. 3, 2012, s. 407-442.
[14] Dworkin, G. The Theory and Practice of Autonomy. Cambridge 1988.
[15] Dworkin, R. Taking Rights Seriously. Harvard 1977.
[16] Ekstrom, L. W. Coherence Theory of Autonomy, In Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Vol. 53, No. 3, 1993, s. 599-616. | DOI 10.2307/2108082
[17] Feldman, F. The Good Life: A Defense of Attitudinal Hedonism, In Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Vol. 65, No. 3, 2002, s. 604-628. | DOI 10.1111/j.1933-1592.2002.tb00223.x
[18] Feldman, F. Pleasure and the Good Life. Oxford 2004.
[19] Feldman, F. Replies, In Philosophical Studies. 2007, Vol. 136, Issue 3, s. 439-450.
[20] Feldman, F. What Is This Thing Called Happiness? Oxford 2010.
[21] Finnis, J. Natural Law and Natural Rights. Oxford 2011 (1980).
[22] Fletcher, G. Objective list theories, In The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Well-Being. Fletcher G. (Ed.), Routledge 2015, s. 148-160.
[23] Flikschuh, K. Freedom: Contemporary Liberal Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons 2013.
[24] Frankfurt, H. G. The Importance Of What We Care About. Cambridge 2007 (1988).
[25] Glover, D. Posthumous Harm, In The Philosophical Quarterly. Vol. 39, No. 156, 1989, s. 334-353. | DOI 10.2307/2220175
[26] Griffin, J. Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement and Moral Importance. Oxford 1988.
[27] Guignon, CH. On Being Authentic. Routledge 2004.
[28] Hausman, D. H. Preference, Value, Choice, and Welfare. Cambridge 2011.
[29] Hawkins, J. S. Well-Being, Autonomy, and the Horizon Problem, In Utilitas. Vol. 20, Issue 2, 2008, s. 143-168. | DOI 10.1017/S0953820808002963
[30] Haybron, D. M. The Pursuit of Unhappiness: The Elusive Psychology of Well-Being. Oxford 2008.
[31] Heathwood, CH. Subjective Theories of Well-Being, In The Cambridge Companion to Utilitarianism. Eggleston B., Miller D. E. (Eds.), Cambridge 2014, s. 200-219.
[32] Heathwood, CH. Desire-Fulfillment Theory, In The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Well-Being. Fletcher G. (Ed.), Routledge 2015, s. 136-147 .
[33] Heil, J. Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction. Routledge 2012.
[34] Hennette-Vauchez, S. A human dignitas? Remnants of the ancient legal concept in contemporary dignity jurisprudence, In I*CON. Vol. 9, No. 1, 2011.
[35] Henngxi, L., Hengwei, L. Second-Order Volition and Conflict between Desires, In Open Journal of Philosophy. Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012, s. 32-57.
[36] Hubin, D. Desires, Whims and Values, In The Journal of Ethics. Vol. 7, No. 3, 2003, s. 313-335.
[37] Hurka, T. Perfectionism. Oxford 1993.
[38] Chartier, G. Anarchy and Legal Order: Law and Politics for a Stateless Society. Cambridge 2012.
[39] Kagan, S. Normative Ethics. Westview Press 1997.
[40] Kitcher, P. Essence and Perfection, In Ethics. Vol. 110, No. 1, 1999, s. 59-83. | DOI 10.1086/233204
[41] Kraut, R. Desire and the Human Good, In Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association. Vol. 68, No. 2, 1994, s. 39-54. | DOI 10.2307/3130590
[42] Kraut, R. What is good and why: the ethics of well-being. Harvard 2007.
[43] Lukas, M. Desire Satisfactionism and the Problem of Irrelevant Desires, In Journal of Ethics & Social Philosophy. Vol. 4, No. 2, 2010, s. 1-24. | DOI 10.26556/jesp.v4i2.42
[44] Luper, S. Posthumous Harm, In American Philosophical Quarterly. Vol. 41, No. 1, 2004.
[45] Marneffe de, P. Liberalism and Prostitution. Oxford 2009.
[46] McGee, R. W. If Dwarf Tossing Is Outlawed, Only Outlaws Will Toss Dwarfs: Is Dwarf Tossing a Victimless Crime?, In The American Journal of Jurosprudence. Vol. 38, 1993, s. 335-358. | DOI 10.1093/ajj/38.1.335
[47] Mendola, J. Human Interests: or Ethics for Physicalists. Oxford 2014.
[48] Mises von, L. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. San Francisco 1996 (1949), 4. Edition.
[49] Murphy, J. G. Human Dignity And The Law: A Brief Comment on Jeremy Waldron's Dignity, Rights, and Responsibilities, In Arizona State Law Journal. Vol. 43, 2011, s. 1177-1200.
[50] Murphy, M. C. The Simple Desire-Fulfillment Theory, In NOȖS. Vol. 33, No. 2, 1999.
[51] Murphy, M. C. Natural Law and Practical Rationality. Cambridge 2001.
[52] Nagel, T. Mortal Questions. Cambridge 2012 (1979).
[53] Nozick, R. Anarchy, State, Utopia. New York 1974.
[54] Olsaretti, S. The limits of hedonism: Feldman on the value of attitudinal pleasure, In Philosophical Studies. 2007, Vol. 136, Issue 3, s. 409-415. | DOI 10.1007/s11098-006-9040-5
[55] Mahony, C. There is no such thing as a right to dignity, In I*CON. Vol. 10, No. 2, 2012, s. 585-587.
[56] Parfit, D. Reasons and Persons. Oxford 1984.
[57] Parfit, D. On What Matters. Vol. I, Oxford 2011.
[58] Pitcher, G. The Misfortunes of the Dead, In American Philosophical Quarterly. Vol. 21, No. 2, 1984, s. 183-188.
[59] Portmore, D. W. Desire Fulfillment and Posthumous Harm, In American Philosophical Quarterly. Vol. 44, No. 1, 2007.
[60] Railton, P. Facts, Values, and Norms. Cambridge 2003.
[61] Rawls, J. A Theory of Justice. Harvard 1999 (1971), Revised Edition.
[62] Rice, CH. M. Defending the Objective List Theory of Well-Being, In Ratio (new series). Vol. XXVI, No. 2, 2013.
[63] Rosati, C. Internalism and the Good for a Person, In Ethics. Vol. 106, 1996, s. 297-326. | DOI 10.1086/233619
[64] Satz, D. Why Some Things Should Not Be for Sale: The Moral Limits of Markets. Oxford 2010.
[65] Scanlon, T. M. What We Owe to Each Other. Harvard 1998.
[66] Shemmer, J. Full Information, Well-Being, and Reasonable Desires, In Utilitas. Vol. 23, No. 2, 2011, s. 206-227. | DOI 10.1017/S0953820811000069
[67] Schmidz, D. Choosing Ends, In Ethics. Vol. 104, 1994.
[68] Segall, S. Health, Luck, and Justice. Princeton 2009.
[69] Sher, G. Beyond Neutrality: Perfectionism and Politics. Cambridge 1997.
[70] Sidgwick, H. The Methods of Ethics. London 1907, 7. Edition.
[71] Sieckmann, J.-R. The Logic of Autonomy: Law, Morality and Autonomous Reasoning. Oxford 2012.
[72] Smith, A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). Metalibri 2007.
[73] Sneddon, A. Autonomy. Bloomsbury Academic 2013.
[74] Sobel, D. Full Information Accounts of Well-Being, In Ethics. Vol. 104, No. 4, 1994, s. 784-810. | DOI 10.1086/293655
[75] Sobel, D. Pain for Objectivists: The Case of Matters of Mere Taste, In Ethical Theory and Moral Practice. Vol. 8, 2005, s. 437-457.
[76] Sumner, L. W. Welfare, Happiness & Ethics. Oxford 1996.
[77] Taylor, J. S. The Myth of Posthumous Harm, In American Philosophical Quarterly. Vol. 42, No. 4, 2005, s. 311-322.
[78] Tiberius, V., Plakias, A. Well-Being, In The Moral Psychology Handbook, Doris J. (Ed.), Oxford 2012, s. 403-432.
[79] Varelius, J. Objective Explanations of Individual Well-Being, In The Exploration of Happiness. Delle Fave A. (Ed.), Springer 2013, s. 16.
[80] Varga, S. Authenticity as an Ethical Ideal. Routledge 2012.
[81] Watt, I. Myths of Modern Individualism: Faust, Don Quixote, Don Juan, Robinson Crusoe. Cambridge 1997.
[82] Williams, B. Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Routledge 2011 (1985).