Název: When Óðinn meets Pompey : Norse and classical elements in English literature at the turn of the 18th and 19th century
Zdrojový dokument: Graeco-Latina Brunensia. 2019, roč. 24, č. 2, s. 125-141
Rozsah
125-141
-
ISSN1803-7402 (print)2336-4424 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2019-2-9
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/141758
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 International
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
According to Snorri Sturluson (died 1241), the Icelandic chieftain, historian, poet, and mythographer, the chief Norse god Óðinn was originally a mighty Oriental chieftain who was forced to abandon Asia under the Roman pressure and later became deified by his people. The typically medieval approach to the myth based on a euhemeristic interpretation and historicization of the pagan deities found a surprisingly keen response among the learned circles of the late 18th century Europe as it enabled the authors to confront the Norse and Classical civilization directly. In this paper, I focus on three English works that deal with this topic, namely two poems by one of the major Romantic poets Robert Southey (The Race of Odin and The Death of Odin, 1795) and the drama Odin (1804) by Anglican priest and poet George Richards. The form of the latter one is of a special interest as it is – as the author himself states – "intended as an imitation of the manner of Æschylus." I will examine the function of the Norse and Classical elements in these works and analyse the bulk of ideas and values that are attributed to the respective cultures. Moreover, the flexibility with which the myth is actualized and used for mediating different political and ideological messages, will be discussed.
Reference
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[42] Southey, R., & Lovell, R. (1795). Poems: Containing the Retrospect, Odes, Elegies, Sonnets, &c. Bath: R. Cruttwell.
[43] Thomson, J. (1736). Liberty. A Poem. In. The Works of Mr. Thomson (Vol. 2). London: A. Millar.
[44] Wellendorf, J. (2018). Gods and Humans in Medieval Scandinavia: Retying the Bonds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[45] Wordsworth, W. (1850). The Prelude; Growth of a Poet's Mind. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
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[47] Zernack, J. (2018). Pre-Christian Religions of the North and the Political Idea of Liberty. In M. Clunies Ross (Ed.), The Pre-Christian Religions of the North Research and Reception, Volume i: From the Middle Ages to c. 1830. Turnhout: Brepols, 255–266.
[2] Anonymous Reviewer (1805). Poems by George Richards. The Monthly Review or Literary Journal Enlarged, 43(2),188–192.
[3] Ayres, P. (2009). Classical Culture and the Idea of Rome in Eighteenth-Century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[4] Byron, G. G. (1819). English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. A Satire. Paris: Galignani.
[5] Coleridge, S. T. (1895). Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (ed. by E. H. Coleridge). Cambridge MA: The Riverside Press.
[6] Drummond, W. (1817). Odin. A Poem. Part the First (Vol. 1). London: A. J. Valpy.
[7] Faulkes, A. (1977). Introduction. In A. Faulkes (Ed.), Two Versions of Snorra Edda from the 17th Century, vol. 2: Edda Islandorum. Völuspá. Hávamál. Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar.
[8] Faulkes, A. (1978–1979). Descent from the gods. Mediaeval Scandinavia, 11, 92–125.
[9] Faulkes, A. (1979). The Prologue to Snorra Edda. An Attempt at Reconstruction. Gripla, 3, 204–213.
[10] Faulkes A. (2005). Introduction. In Snorri Sturluson, Edda. Prologue and Gylfaginning (ed. by A. Faulkes). London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
[11] Garnett, R. (1901). Lovell, Robert. In S. Lee (Ed.), The Dictionary of National Biography. Supplement (Vol. III). New York – London: The Maxmillan Company & Smith; Elder & Co.
[12] Gibbon, E. (1776). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Vol. I). London: A. Strahan & T. Cadell.
[13] Gibbon, E. (1788). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Vol. VI). London: A. Strahan & T. Cadell.
[14] Kliger, S. (1945). The "Goths" in England: An Introduction to the Gothic Vogue in EighteenthCentury Aesthetic Discussion. Modern Philology, 43(2), 107–117. | DOI 10.1086/388675
[15] Lassen, A. (2011). Odin på kristent pergament: en teksthistorisk studie. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanums Forlag.
[16] Macleod, E. V. (2007). British Attitudes to the French Revolution. The Historical Journal, 50(3), 689–709. | DOI 10.1017/S0018246X07006310
[17] Magnús Ólafsson (1979). Two Versions of Snorra Edda from the 17th Century, vol. 1: Edda Magnúsar Ólafssonar (Laufás Edda) (ed. by A. Faulkes). Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar.
[18] Mallet, P. H., & Percy, T. (1770). Northern Antiquities (Vol. 1). London: T. Carnan & Co.
[19] Meehan, M. (1986). Liberty and Poetics in Eighteenth Century England. London – Sydney – Dover, NH: Croom Helm.
[20] Montesquieu, Ch. (1777). The Complete Works of Monsieur de Montesquieu Translated from the French (Vol. 1). Dublin: W. Watson et al.
[21] Mortensen, P. (2000). "The Descent of Odin": Wordsworth, Scott and Southey Among the Norsemen. Romanticism, 6(2), 211–232. | DOI 10.3366/rom.2000.6.2.211
[22] O'Donoghue, H. (2014). English Poetry and Old Norse Myth. A History. New York: Oxford University Press.
[23] Omberg, M. (1976). Scandinavian Themes in English Poetry, 1760–1800. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
[24] Pratt, L. (2009). Robert Southey: A Selective Chronology 1774–1821. In L. Pratt (Ed.), The Collected Letters of Robert Southey. Part One 1791–1797. [retrieved in June 2019 from https://romanticcircles.org/editions/southey_letters/letterEEd.26.chrono.html].
[25] Raimond, J. (1989). Southey's Early Writings and the Revolution. The Yearbook of English Studies, 19, 181–196. | DOI 10.2307/3508049
[26] Richards, G. (1791). The Aboriginal Britons. A Poem. Oxford: D. Prince & J. Cooke.
[27] Richards, G. (1793). Modern France. A Poem. Oxford: J. Cooke.
[28] Richards, G. (1804). Odin. In Poems (Vol. 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[29] Rix, R. W. (2010). Oriental Odin: Tracing the east in northern culture and literature. History of European Ideas, 36, 47–60. | DOI 10.1016/j.histeuroideas.2009.10.006
[30] Rollin, Ch. (1744). The Roman History, from the Foundation of Rome to the Battle of Actium (Vol. IX). Dublin: A. Reilly.
[31] Snorri Sturluson (1665). Edda Islandorum (ed. by P. H. Resen). Copenhagen: Gödianus.
[32] Snorri Sturluson (1880). The Younger Edda. Also Called Snorre's Edda, or the Prose Edda (transl. by R. B. Anderson). Chicago – London: S. C. Griggs & Co.; Trübner & Co.
[33] Snorri Sturluson (1995). Edda (transl. by A. Faulkes). London: J. M. Dent.
[34] Snorri Sturluson (2011). Heimskringla (Vol. I; transl. by A. Finlay & A. Faulkes). London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
[35] Snorri Sturluson (2012). The Uppsala Edda (ed. by Heimir Pálsson, transl. by A. Faulkes). London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
[36] Southey, R. (1792). Robert Southey to Thomas Phillipps Lamb, [c. 18 July 1792]. In L. Pratt (Ed.), The Collected Letters of Robert Southey. Part One 1791–1797 [retrieved in June 2019 from https://romantic-circles.org/editions/southey_letters/Part_One/HTML/letterEEd.26.18.html].
[37] Southey, R. (1793a). Robert Southey to G. C. Bedford: 25 January–8 [February] 1793. In L. Pratt (Ed.), The Collected Letters of Robert Southey. Part One 1791–1797 [retrieved in June 2019 from https://romantic-circles.org/editions/southey_letters/Part_One/HTML/letterEEd.26.42.html].
[38] Southey, R. (1793b). Robert Southey to Grosvenor Charles Bedford, 6–8 November 1793. In L. Pratt (Ed.), The Collected Letters of Robert Southey. Part One 1791–1797 [retrieved in June 2019 from https://romantic-circles.org/editions/southey_letters/Part_One/HTML/letterEEd.26.67.html].
[39] Southey, R. (1794). Robert Southey to Robert Lovell, 5–6 April 1794. In L. Pratt (Ed.), The Collected Letters of Robert Southey. Part One 1791–1797 [retrieved in June 2019 from https://romanticcircles.org/editions/southey_letters/Part_One/HTML/letterEEd.26.85.html].
[40] Southey, R. (1795). Robert Southey to Grosvenor Charles Bedford, 1–10 October 1795. In L. Pratt (Ed.), The Collected Letters of Robert Southey. Part One 1791–1797 [retrieved in June 2019 from https://romantic-circles.org/editions/southey_letters/Part_One/HTML/letterEEd.26.136.html].
[41] Southey, R. (1797). Robert Southey to Horace Walpole Bedford, 11 June 1797. In L. Pratt (Ed.), The Collected Letters of Robert Southey. Part One 1791–1797 [retrieved in June 2019 from https://romantic-circles.org/editions/southey_letters/Part_One/HTML/letterEEd.26.222.html].
[42] Southey, R., & Lovell, R. (1795). Poems: Containing the Retrospect, Odes, Elegies, Sonnets, &c. Bath: R. Cruttwell.
[43] Thomson, J. (1736). Liberty. A Poem. In. The Works of Mr. Thomson (Vol. 2). London: A. Millar.
[44] Wellendorf, J. (2018). Gods and Humans in Medieval Scandinavia: Retying the Bonds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[45] Wordsworth, W. (1850). The Prelude; Growth of a Poet's Mind. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
[46] Wright, H. G. (1932). Southey's Relations with Finland and Scandinavia. Modern Language Revue, 27, 149–167. | DOI 10.2307/3715575
[47] Zernack, J. (2018). Pre-Christian Religions of the North and the Political Idea of Liberty. In M. Clunies Ross (Ed.), The Pre-Christian Religions of the North Research and Reception, Volume i: From the Middle Ages to c. 1830. Turnhout: Brepols, 255–266.