Tři vlny : vývoj teorií účasti dospělých ve vzdělávání (1960 až 2019)

Název: Tři vlny : vývoj teorií účasti dospělých ve vzdělávání (1960 až 2019)
Variantní název:
  • Three waves : the development of theories of adult paticipation in education (1960 to 2019)
Autor: Kalenda, Jan
Zdrojový dokument: Studia paedagogica. 2021, roč. 26, č. 1, s. 91-124
Rozsah
91-124
  • ISSN
    1803-7437 (print)
    2336-4521 (online)
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: Neurčená licence
 

Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.

Abstrakt(y)
Studie se zabývá proměnou teorií vysvětlujících účast dospělých ve vzdělávání. Jejím hlavním cílem je zmapovat a kriticky zhodnotit vývoj dosavadních teoretických koncepcí od 60. let 20. století až do současnosti, a to jako evoluci a vzájemnou kritickou interakci tří na sebe navazující vln teorií. Každá z nich je přitom spojena jak s odlišnou generací badatelů, tak i s dominantním teoreticko-metodologickým přístupem a specifickým sociokulturním kontextem, v němž se formovala. První vlnu (1960 až 1989) představují teorie zaměřené na mikro-edukační determinanty účasti dospělých v celoživotním učení (CŽV). Druhou (1990 až 2009) reprezentují přístupy orientované primárně na makro-edukační faktory účasti. A třetí, momentálně nastupující vlnou (2009 až 2019) jsou koncepce zaměřující se na syntézu jak makro-edukačních, tak i mikro-edukačních determinant participace v CŽV. Studie na základě přehledové narativní analýz y ukazuje klíčové změny ve z působu vysvětlování účasti v CŽV, proměny chápání funkce CŽV a v neposlední řadě upozorňuje i na heuristické limity všech tří dosavadních vln.
The study deals with the transformation of theories explaining the participation of adults in education. Its main goal is to map and critically evaluate the development of the existing theoretical concepts from the 1960s to the present as an evolution and mutual critical interaction of three consecutive waves of theories. Each wave is connected with a different generation of researchers, as well as with a different dominant theoretical and methodological approach and a specific socio-cultural context in which it was formed. The first wave (1960 to 1989) is represented by theories focused on micro-educational determinants of adult participation in lifelong learning (LLL). The second wave(1990 to 2009) is represented by approaches focused primarily on macro-educational factors of participation. And the third and current wave (2009 to 2019) includes concepts focusing on the synthesis of both macro-educational and micro-educational determinants of participation in LLL The article, based on an overview narrative analysis, presents key changes in how participation in LLL is explained, shows changes in the understanding of the function of LLL, and, last but not least, draws attention to the heuristic limits of all three waves.
Note
Tato studie vznikla díky laskavé podpoře GA ČR v rámci projektu "Bílá místa neformálního vzdělávání v ČR: Neúčastníci a jejich sociální světy" (GA_19-00987S). Za mimořádně užitečné postřehy a připomínky k jejímu textu upřímně děkuji Ellen Boeren, Kjellu Rubensonovi a Tomáši Kargerovi, kteří mi pomohli významným způsobem pozvednout výslednou kvalitu tohoto rukopisu, stejně jako oběma recenzentům.
Reference
[1] AES. (n.d.). Šetření vzdělávání dospělých VD 2007 (AES). https://www.czso.cz/csu/xu/setreni-o-vzdelavani-dospelych-vd-2007-aes

[2] AES. (2018, únor 28). Vzdělávání dospělých v České republice: výstupy z šetření Adult Education Survey 2016. https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/vzdelavani-dospelych-v-ceskerepublice-2016

[3] Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Prentice Hall.

[4] Antikainen, A. (2006). In search of the Nordic model in education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 50(3), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830600743258

[5] Bachelard, G. (1981). Nový duch vedy. Pravda.

[6] Baert, H., De Rick, K., & Van Valckenborgh, K. (2006). Towards the conceptualisation of learning climate. In R. Vieira de Castro, A. V. Sancho, & V. Guimaraes (Eds.), Adult education: New routes in a new landscape (s. 87–111). University de Minho.

[7] Barros, R. (2012). From lifelong education to lifelong learning: Discussion of some effects of today's neoliberal policies. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 3(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela0071

[8] Bassanini, A., Booth, A., Brunello, G., De Paola, M., & Leuven, E. (2005). Workplace training in Europe. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1640.

[9] Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002). Individualization: Institutionalized individualism and its social and political consequences. Sage.

[10] Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49.

[11] Becker, G. S. (1975). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.

[12] Bhaskar, R. (2008). A realist theory of science. Verso.

[13] Biesta, G. (2006). Beyond learning: Democratic education for a human future. Paradigm Publishers.

[14] Biesta, G. (2018). Interrupting the politics of learning. In: K. Illeris. (Ed.), Contemporary theories of learning. Learning theorists… in their own words (s. 244–259). Routledge.

[15] Boeren, E. (2016). Lifelong learning participation in a changing policy context. An interdisciplinary theory. Palgrave Macmillan.

[16] Boeren, E. (2017). Understanding adult lifelong learning participation as a layered problem. Studies in Continuing Education, 39(2), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2017.1310096

[17] Boeren, E. (2018). The methodological underdog: A review of quantitative research in the key adult education journals. Adult Education Quarterly, 68(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713617739347

[18] Boeren, E. (2019). Quantitative research in research on the education and learning of adults. In A. Fejes & E. Nylander (Eds.), Mapping out the resarch field of adult education and learning (s. 139–155). Springer.

[19] Boeren, E., Nicaise, I., & Baert, H. (2010). Theoretical models of participation in adult education: The need for an integrated model. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 29(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370903471270

[20] Boshier, R. (1971). Motivational orientations of adult education participants: A factor analytic exploration of Houle's typology. Adult Education, 21(2), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/074171367102100201

[21] Boshier, R. (1991). Psychometric properties of the alternative form of the education participation scale. Adult Education Quarterly, 41(3), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001848191041003002

[22] Boshier, R. (1998). Edgar Faure after 25 years: Down but not out. In J. Holford, P. Jarvis, & C. Griffin (Eds.), International perspectives on lifelong learning (s. 3–20). Kogan Page.

[23] Boshier, R., & Collins, J. B. (1985). The Houle typology after twenty-two years: A large-scale empirical test. Adult Education Quarterly, 35(3), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001848185035003001

[24] Bosch, G., & Charest, J. (2015). Vocational training: International reflections. Routledge.

[25] Boudard, E., & Rubenson, K. (2003). Revisiting major determinants of participation in adult education with a direct measure of literacy skills. International Journal of Educational Research, 39(3), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2004.04.007

[26] Bourdieu. P. (1998). Teorie jednání. Karolinum.

[27] Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J.-C. (1990). Reproduction in education, society, and culture. Sage Publications.

[28] Bréchon, P., & Gonthier, F. (Eds.). (2017). European values. Brill.

[29] Busemeyer, M., & Trampusch, Ch. (Eds.). (2012). The political economy of collective skill formation. Oxford University Press.

[30] Cedefop. (2015). Job-related adult learning and continuing vocational training in Europe: A statistical picture. Publication Office. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2801/392276

[31] Cerami, A., & Vanhuysse, P. (Eds.). (2009). Post-communist Welfare Pathways. Theorizing social policy transformations in Central and Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.

[32] Cincinnato, S., De Wever, B., Van Keer, H., & Valcke, M. (2016). The influence of social backgound on participation in adult education: Applying the cultural capital framework. Adult Education Quarterly, 66(2), 143–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713615626714

[33] Collins, R. (1971). Functional and conflict theories of educational stratefication. American Sociological Review, 36(6), 1002–1019. https://doi.org/10.2307/2093761

[34] Courtney, S. (1992). Why do adults learn? Towards a theory of participation inadult education. Routledge.

[35] Cross, P. K. (1981). Adults as learners. Increasing participation and facilitating learning. Jossey-Bass.

[36] Crossan, B., Field, J., Gallacher, J., & Merrill, B. (2003). Understanding participation in learning for non-traditional adult learners: Learning careers and the construction of learning identities. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690301907

[37] Dämmrich, J., de Vilhena, D. V., & Reichart, E. (2014). Participation in adult learning in Europe: The impact of country-level and individual characteristics. In H.-P. Blossfeld, E. Kilpi-Jakonen, D. V. de Vilhena, & S. Buchholz (Eds.), Adult learning in modern societies: An international comparison from a life-course perspective (s. 29–55). Edward Elgar.

[38] Dämmrich, J., Kosyakova, Y., & Blossfeld, H-P. (2015). Gender and job-related non-formal training: A comparison of 20 countries. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 56(6), 433–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715215626769

[39] Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Handbook of self-determination research. University of Rochester Press.

[40] Desjardins, R. (2003). Determinants of literacy proficiency: A lifelong–lifewide learning perspective. International Journal of Educational Research, 39(3), 205–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2004.04.004

[41] Desjardins, R. (2015). Participation in adult education opportunities: Evidence from PIAAC and Policy trends in selected countries. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232396

[42] Desjardins, R. (2017). Political economy of adult learning systems. Comparative study of strategies, policies, and constraints. Bloomsbury.

[43] Desjardins, R., & Rubenson, K. (2013). Participation patterns in adult education: The role of institutions and public policy frameworks in resolving coordination problems. European Journal of Education, 48(2), 262–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12029

[44] Desjardins, R., Rubenson, K., & Milana, M. (2006). Unequal chances to participate in adult learning: international perspectives. UNESCO.

[45] Dopita, M., & Poláchová Vašťatková, J. (2017). Institucionalizace české andragogiky a mezinárodní vědecký diskurz. Studia paedagogica, 22(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.5817/SP2017-1-3

[46] EC (Commission of the European Communities). (2000). A memorandum on lifelong learning. European Commission.

[47] EC (Commision of the European Communities). (2020). Reflection paper. Towards a sustainable Europe by 2030. Publications Office of the EU. https://doi.org/10.2775/676251

[48] Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of Welfare capitalism. Polity Press.

[49] Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). The social foundations of postindustrial economies. Oxford University Press.

[50] Esser, H. (1994). Explanatory sociology. In B. Schäfers (Ed.), Soziologie (s. 177–190). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

[51] Estevez-Abe, M., Iversen, T., & Soskice, D. (2001). Social protectionand the formation of skills: A reinterpretation of the Welfare State. In P. A. Hall & D. Soskice (Eds.), Varieties of capitalism: The institutional foundations of comparative advantage (s. 145–183). Oxford University Press.

[52] Faure, E., Herrera, F., Kaddoura, A. R., Lopes, H., Petrovsky, A. V., Rahnema, M., & Ward, F. C. (1972). Learning to be. The world of education today and tomorrow. UNESCO/Harrap.

[53] Fejes, A., & Nylander, E. (2014). The Anglophone international(e): A bibliometric analysis of three adult educational journals, 2005–2012. Adult Education Quarterly, 64(3), 222–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713614528025

[54] Fejes, A., & Nylander, E. (2015). How pluralistic is the research filed on adult education? Dominating bibliometrical trends, 2005–2012. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 6(2), 103–123. http://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela9063

[55] Field, J. (2001). Lifelong education. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 20(1–2), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280010008291

[56] Field, J. (2006). Lifelong learning and the new educational order. Trentham Books.

[57] Field, J. (2012). Is lifelong learning making a difference? Research-based evidence on th impact of adult learning. In D. Aspin, J. Chapman, K. Evans, & R. Bagnall (Eds.), Second international handbook of lifelong learning (s. 887–897). Springer.

[58] Field, J., Künzel, K., & Schemmann, M. (2016). International comparative adult education research. Reflections on theory, methodology, and future developments. International Yearbook of Education, 39(1), 109–133.

[59] Field, J., Künzel, K., & Schemmann, M. (2019). Revisiting the debate on international comparative adult education research: Theoretical and methodological reflection. In A. Fejes & E. Nylander (Eds.), Mapping out the research field of adult education and learning (s. 181–202). Springer.

[60] GRALE IV. (2019). 4th Global report on adult learning and education. Leave no one behind: Participation, equity and iclusion. UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning.

[61] Grek, S. (2008). From symbols to numbers: The shifting technologies of education governance in Europe. European Education Research Journal, 7(2), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2008.7.2.208

[62] Hall, P. A., & Soskice, D. (2001). An introduction to varieties of capitalism. In P. A. Hall & D. Soskice (Eds.), Varieties of capitalism: the institutional foundations of comparative advantage (s. 1–68). Oxford University Press.

[63] Hall, P. A., & Gingerich, D. W. (2004). Varieties of capitalism and institutional complementarities in the macroeconomy. Max-Planck Institut.

[64] Hall, P. A., & Thelen, K. (2009). Institutional change in varieties of capitalism. Socio-Economic Review, 7(1), 7–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwn020

[65] Hanusek, E. A. (2016). Economic groth in developing countries: The role of human capital. In K. M. Mundy, A. Green, B. Lingard, & A. Verger (Eds.), The handbook of global education policy (s. 81–96). Wiley Blackwell.

[66] Hedström, P. (2005). Dissecting the social. On the principles of analytical sociology. Cambridge University Press.

[67] Hedström, P., & Swedberg, R. (1998). Social mechanisms: An introductory essay. In P. Hedström & R. Swedberg (Eds.), Social mechanisms. An analytical approach to social theory (s. 1–31). Cambridge University Press.

[68] Holford, J., & Mohorčič Špolar, V. A. (2012). Neoliberal and inclusive themes in European lifelong learning policy. In S. Riddell, J. Markowitsch, & E. Weedon (Eds.), Lifelong learning in Europe: Equity and efficiency in the balance (s. 39–61). Policy Press.

[69] Holford, J., & Mohorčič Špolar, V. A. (2014). Adult learning: From the margins to the mainstream. In M. Milana & J. Holford (Eds.), Adult education policy and the European Union. Theoretical and methodological perspectives (s. 35–50). Sense Publishers.

[70] Houle, C. O. (1961). The inquiring mind. The University of Wisconsin Press.

[71] Hovdhaugen, E., & Opheim, V. (2018). Participation in adult education and training in countries with high and low participation rates: Demand and barriers. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 37(5), 560–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2018.1554717

[72] Illeris, K. (2006). Lifelong learning and low-skilled. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 25(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370500309451

[73] Iversen, T., & Soskice, D. (2019). Democracy and prosperity. Reinventing capitalism through turbulent century. Princeton University Press.

[74] Jarvis, P. (2018). Learning to be person in society: Learning to be me. In K. Illeris (Ed.), Contemporary theories of learning (s. 18–28). Routledge.

[75] Kalenda, J. (2013). Celoživotní vzdělávání jako vědecký výzkumný program. Paidagogos, 13(1), 5–29.

[76] Kalenda, J. (2014). "Za kvalitativní výzkum": epistemologicko-metodologická kritika andragogického výzkumu v ČR. Andragogická revue, 6(2), 70–78.

[77] Keller, J., & Tvrdý, L. (2008). Vzdělanostní společnost? Chrám, výtah a pojišťovna. SLON.

[78] Kilpi-Jakonen, E., Bucholt, S., Dämmrich, J., McMullin, P., & Blossfeld, H.-P. (2014). Adult learning, labor market outcomes, and social inequalities in modern societies. In H.-P. Blossfeld, E. Kilpi-Jakonen, D. Vono de Vilhena, & S. Bucholz (Eds.), Adult learning in modern societies. An international comparision form a life-course perspective (s. 3–26). Edward Elgar Publishing.

[79] Kondrup, S. (2015). Understanding unskilled work as a condition for participation in adult education training. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 6(2), 159–173. http://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela9064

[80] Kopecký, M. (2012). Neúčast dospělých ve vzdělávání jako výsledek individuálních strategií sociálně zakotvených jednotlivců. Studia paedagogica, 17(1), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.5817/SP2012-1-9

[81] Kopecký, M. (2013). Vzdělávání dospělých mezi politikou, ekonomikou a vědou. Politika vzdělávání a učení se dospělých v éře globálního kapitalismu. Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy.

[82] Kopecký, M., Brabec, M., Hrubec, M., Kreuzzieger, M., Profant, M., Štěch, O., & Uhde, Z. (2013). Vědění a učení v globalizovaném světě. Aktéři a změny. Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy.

[83] Kuhn, T. (1997). Struktura vědeckých revolucí. Oikoymenh.

[84] Kyndt, E., Dochy, F., Onghena, P., & Baert, H. (2012). The learning intentions of lowqualified employees: A multilevel approach. Adult Education Quarterly, 63(2), 165–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713612454324

[85] Kyndt, E., Govaerts, N., Dochy, F., & Baert, H. (2011). The learning intention of low-skilled employees: A key for participation in lifelong learning and continuous training. Vocations and Learning, (4), 211–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-011-9058-5

[86] Kyndt, E., Govaerts, N., Keunen, L., & Dochy, F. (2013). Examining the learning intentions of low-qualified employees: A mixed method study. Journal of Workplace Learning, 25(3), 178–197. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665621311306556

[87] Lee, J. (2017). Inequality in participation in adult learning and education (ALE): Effects of micro- and macro- level factors through a comparative study [Dissertation Thesis, University of California]. University of California Press. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4jh4m92q

[88] Lizardo, O. (2017). Improving cultural analysis: Considering personal culture in its declarative and nondeclarative modes. American Sociological Review, 82(1), 88–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122416675175

[89] Mareš, J. (2013). Přehledové studie: jejich typologie, funkce a způsob vytváření. Pedagogická orientace, 23(4), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.5817/PedOr2013-4-427

[90] Mayo, P. (2019). Higher education in a globalising world. Community engagement and lifelong learning. Manchester University Press.

[91] Merton, R. K. (2009). Studie ze sociologické teorie. SLON.

[92] Milana, M. (2012). Political globalization and the shift from adult education to lifelong learning. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 3(2), 103–117. http://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela0070

[93] Nölke, A., & Vliegenthart, A. (2009). Enlarging the varieties of capitalism: The emergence of dependent market economies in East Central Europe. World Politics, 61(4), 670–702. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887109990098

[94] OECD. (2019). OECD Employment Outlook 2019: The Future of Work. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9ee00155-en

[95] Paldanius, S. (2007). The rationality of reluctance and indifference toward adult education. In L. Servage & T. Fenwick (Eds.), Proceedings of the 48th Annual American adult education research conference (s. 471–476). University of Minnesota.

[96] Průcha, J. (2010). Česká andragogika na vzestupu. Pedagogická orientace, 20(4), 7–26.

[97] Průcha, J. (2014). Andragogický výzkum. Grada Publishing.

[98] Psacharopoulos, G. P. (2006). The value of investment in education: Theory, evidence and policy. Journal of Education Finance, 32(2), 113–126.

[99] Rambla, X., & Milana, M. (2020). The stepping stones of lifelong learning policies: Politics, regions and labour market. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 39(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2020.1747589

[100] Rees, G. (2013). Comparing adult learning systems: An emerging political economy. European Journal of Education, 48(2), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12025

[101] Rees, G., Fevre, R., Furlong, J., & Gorard, S. (2006). History, biography and place in the learning society: Towards a sociology of lifelong learning. In H. Lauder, P. Brown, J. Dillabough, & A. H. Halsey (Eds.), Education, globalization and social change (s. 926–935), Oxford University Press.

[102] Regmi, K. D. (2015). Lifelong learning: Foundational models, underlying assumptions and critiques. International Review of Education, 61(1), 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-015-9480-2

[103] Riddell, E., Markowitsch, J., & Weedon, E. (2012). Lifelong learning in Europe. Equity and efficiency in the balance. The Policy Press.

[104] Rosa, H. (2013). Social acceleration. A new theory of modernity. Columbia University Press.

[105] Ross, A. (2019). Budoucnost práce. Argo.

[106] Roosmaa, E.-L., & Saar, E. (2017). Adults who do not want to participate in learning: A cross-national European analysis of their barriers. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 36(3), 254–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2016.1246485

[107] Rubenson, K. (1977). Participation in recurrent education: A research review. Meeting of national delegates on developments in recurrent education. CERI.

[108] Rubenson, K. (1999). The supply of lifelong learning opportunities. In A. Tuijnman & T. Schuller (Eds.), Lifelong learning policy and research: Proceedings of an international symposium (s. 109–120). Portland Press.

[109] Rubenson, K. (2006a). Constructing the lifelong learning paradigm: Competing visions from the OECD and UNESCO. In S. Ehlers (Ed.), Milestones towards lifelong learning systems (s. 151–170). Danish School of Education.

[110] Rubenson, K. (2006b). The Nordic model of lifelong learning. Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, 36(3), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920600872472

[111] Rubenson, K. (2011). Barriers to participation in adult education. In K. Rubenson (Ed.), Adult learning and education (s. 216–224). Elsevier.

[112] Rubenson, K. (2018). Conceptualizing participation in adult learning and education. Equity issues. In M. Milana, S. Webb, J. Holford, R. Waller, & P. Jarvis (Eds.), The Palgrave international handbook on adult and lifelong education and learning (s. 337–357). Palgrave Macmillan.

[113] Rubenson, K., & Desjardins, R. (2009). The impact of welfare state regimes on barriers to participation in adult education: A bounded agency model. Adult Education Qaurterly, 59(3), 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713609331548

[114] Rubenson, K., & Elfert, M. (2015). Adult education research: Exploring an increasingly fragmented map. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 6(2), 125–138. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela9066

[115] Rubenson, K., & Elfert, M. (2019). Examining the "weak field" of adult education. In A. Fejes & E. Nylander (Eds.), Mapping out the research field of adult education and learning (s. 15–31). Springer.

[116] Saar, E., & Räis, M. L. (2017). Participation in job-related training in European countries: The impact of skill supply and demand characteristics. Journal of Education and Work, 30(5), 531–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2016.1243229

[117] Saar, E., Ure, O. B., & Desjardins, R. (2013). The role of diverse institutions in framing adult learning systems. European Journal of Education, 48(2), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12026

[118] Schultz, T. W. (1960). Capital formation by education. Journal of Political Economy, 68(6), 571–583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/258393

[119] Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1–17.

[120] Soskice, D. (1999). Divergent production regimes: Coordinated and uncoordinated market economies in the 1980s and 1990s. In H. Kitschlet, P. Lange, G. Marks, & J. D. Stephens (Eds.), Continuity and change in contemporary capitalism (s. 101–135). Cambridge University Press.

[121] Thelen, K. (2014). Varieties of liberalization and new politics of social solidarity. Cambridge University Press. Tomlinson, M. (2013). Education, work, and identity. Bloomsbury.

[122] Torres, C. A. (2013). Political sociology of adult education. Sense Publishers.

[123] Tuijnman, A. (1991). Lifelong education: A test of the accumulation hypothesis. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 10(4), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260137910100402

[124] Verdier, E. (2017). How are European lifelong learning systems changing? An approach in terms of public policy regimes. In R. Normand & J.-L. Derouet (Eds.), A European politics of education. Perspectives form sociology, policy studies and politics (s. 194–215). Routledge.

[125] Verdier, E. (2018). Europe: Comparing lifelong learning systems. In M. Milana, S. Webb, J. Holford, R. Waller, & P. Jarvis (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook on adult and lifelong education and learning (s. 461–483). Palgrave MacMillan.