Anotační praktiky vědců: analýza kognitivní práce

Název: Anotační praktiky vědců: analýza kognitivní práce
Variantní název:
  • Annotation practices of scholars: analysis of cognitive work
Zdrojový dokument: ProInflow. 2021, roč. 13, č. 1, s. [2]-36
Rozsah
[2]-36
  • ISSN
    1804-2406 (online)
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: CC BY 3.0 CZ
 

Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.

Abstrakt(y)
Účel – Anotační praktiky vědců představují jeden ze základních prvků vědecké práce napříč vědními obory. Ve srovnání s praktikami čtení a psaní textů velmi málo prozkoumán. Studie je založena na formativním paradigmatu designu HCI a sociokognitivním paradigmatu informačního chování. Ve výzkumné studii představujeme výsledky zkoumání anotačních praktik vědců pracujících s tištěnými vědeckými texty. Výzkum zaměřujeme na interakce člověka s textem (Human–Text Interaction) s cílem popsat kognitivní práci vědců při anotování a identifikovat její omezení. Výzkumu se zúčastnilo celkem 20 vědců. Zastupují humanitní, společenské a přírodní vědy (lingvistiku, psychologii, geografii) a interdisciplinární výzkum s různým stupněm odbornosti – nováčci (doktorandi), pokročilí (postgraduální výzkumníci), odborníci (docenti a profesoři). Kognitivní práce byla analyzována při anotování vědeckých článků, monografií a diplomových prací. Design/metodologie/přístup – Výzkum byl proveden metodou analýzy kognitivní práce. Design výzkumu byl přirozený – vědci četli ve svém přirozeném prostředí texty dle vlastního výběru s úkolem vytvářet si anotace pro svoji další práci. Každý typ textu četli 15 minut. Během interakce s textem nahlas mluvili o své činnosti. Získané zvukové a obrazové záznamy byly zpracovány pomocí analýzy verbálních protokolů a analýzy abstraktní hierarchie. Výsledky – Celkem bylo pomocí abstraktní hierarchie analyzováno 829 základních anotačních elementů odpovídajících jednoduchému aktu anotování. Podle typu a místa interakce s textem byla vytvořena typologie anotací s 13 kategoriemi. Analýza anotačních praktik odhalila vzorce spoluvýskytu anotačních elementů, některé z nich se vyskytují pravidelně společně v jedné kombinaci. Akty anotování se vyskytují buď izolovaně, nebo se skládají do souborů na sebe navazujících činností, které jsou stopami prohlubujícího se porozumění textu. Vedle aktů a činností anotování se vyskytují také anotační praktiky označované jako metaanotace, které jsou anotacemi k již vytvořeným anotacím, a makroanotace uspořádávající anotace napříč textem a sloužící orientační funkci v textu. Získané výsledky kognitivní práce při anotování naznačují topologické napětí mezi kognitivními funkcemi a nástroji pro psaní poznámek, což má důsledky pro design nástrojů pro čtení a poznámkování elektronických odborných textů. Originalita/hodnota – Příspěvek přináší vhled do anotačních praktik vědců při interakci s odborným textem založený na empirickém výzkumu. Zjištění lze využít při designování anotačních nástrojů elektronických textů. Design anotačního editoru by měl zabránit narušování kognitivních procesů a soustředění vědců přeorientováním jejich pozornosti od textu k výběru anotačního nástroje pro realizaci anotačního aktu. Takový design zajistí přímou interakci člověka s textem místo interakce s anotačním editorem.
Purpose – Annotation practices of scholars represent one of the basic elements of research work across scientific disciplines. Compared to the practices of reading and writing texts, it is very little explored. The study is based on the formative paradigm of the HCI design and the social-cognitive paradigm of information behavior. In our research study, we present the results of examining annotation practices of scholars working with printed scientific texts. Our research focuses on human-text interaction in order to describe the cognitive work of scholars in annotating and to identify its limitations. A total of 20 scholars participated in the research. They come from the fields of humanities, social sciences and natural sciences (linguistics, psychology, geography) as well as interdisciplinary research with varying degrees of expertise – novices (doctoral students), advanced (postgraduate researchers), experts (associate professors and professors). Cognitive work was analysed during annotating scientific papers, monographs, and diploma theses. Design/Methodology/Approach – The research was carried out using the method of analysis of cognitive work. The design of the research was natural – researchers were reading texts of their own choice in their natural environment with the task of creating annotations for their further work. They were reading each type of text for 15 minutes. During the interaction with the text, they were speaking aloud about their activity. The acquired audio and video recordings were processed using verbal protocol analysis and abstraction hierarchy analysis. Results – In total, 829 basic annotation elements, corresponding to a simple act of making an annotation, were analysed using an abstraction hierarchy. A typology of annotations with 13 categories has been created based on the type and place of interaction with the text. The analysis of annotation practices has revealed patterns of co-occurrence of annotation elements, some of which occur regularly together in one combination. Annotation acts occur either in isolation or form sets of consecutive activities as traces of deepening understanding of the text. In addition to annotation acts and activities, there are also annotation practices known as meta-annotations, which are notes on already created annotations, and macro-annotations, which organise annotations across the text and serve an indicative function in the text. The obtained results of cognitive work in annotating indicate a topological tension between cognitive functions and tools used for making notes; this has impact on the design of tools for reading and taking notes on electronic scientific texts. Originality/Value – The paper provides insight into the annotation practices of scholars during their interaction with scientific texts based on empirical research. The findings can be used for designing annotation tools for electronic texts. The design of the annotation editor should prevent disruption of cognitive processes and the concentration of scholars due to refocusing their attention from the text to the selection of the annotation tool in order to perform the annotation act. Such a design will ensure direct human interaction with the text instead of interacting with the annotation editor.
Note
Prezentovaný výzkum vznikl v rámci projektu TL02000530 Interaktivní odborné knihy – redefinice elektronického publikování v oblasti non-fikce, díky finanční podpoře Technologické agentury ČR v programu ÉTA.
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