Název: Transitioning between small talk and work talk through discourse markers : evidence from a workplace spoken corpus
Zdrojový dokument: Brno studies in English. 2021, roč. 47, č. 2, s. 7-30
Rozsah
7-30
-
ISSN0524-6881 (print)1805-0867 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2021-2-2
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/144873
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
The focus of this article revolves around discourse markers (DMs) that are used when switching between work talk and small talk in workplace interactions. Research in this field has showed how discourse markers are used to manage several interpersonal dynamics in interaction. This study is aimed at identifying which DMs are used in the workplace to operate a shift of topic, how often DMs are used at the juncture of interaction, and what are their specific pragmatic and discursive function when they are used in these situations. This study is based on a workplace small-talk corpus of spoken American English. Results show that DMs are often used to mark the shift to a different topic or mode of discourse; in particular, shifts to work talk are marked more often than shifts to more small talk on different topics. Also, speakers may select different DMs based on the type of shift. The role and function of the highest-ranking discourse markers were observed, as well as pragmatic implications and impact in the daily interactions among co-workers.
Note
This research is part of the project on the AAC and Non-AAC Workplace Corpus of the Research Group of the Applied Linguistic Laboratory at Texas A&M University-Commerce.
Reference
[1] Ädel, Annelle and Mauranen, Anna (2010) Metadiscourse: Diverse and divided perspectives. Nordic Journal of English Studies 9(2), 1. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.35360/njes.215
[2] Aijmer, Karin (1986) Oh and ah in English conversation. In: Meijs, Willem (ed.) Corpus Linguistics and Beyond. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora, 61–86.
[3] Aijmer, Karin (2015) Analysing discourse markers in spoken corpora: Actually as a case study. In: Baker, Paul and McEnery, Tony (eds.) Corpora and Discourse Studies. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 88–109.
[4] Angouri, Jo and Marra, Meredith (2010) Corporate meetings as genre: A study of the role of the chair in corporate meeting talk. Text & Talk – An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies 30(6), 615–636. | DOI 10.1515/text.2010.030
[5] Angouri, Jo and Marra, Meredith (2011) 'OK one last thing for today then': Constructing identities in corporate meeting talk. In: Angouri, Jo and Marra, Meredith (eds.) Constructing Identities at Work. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 85–100.
[6] Bazzanella Carla (1995) I segnali discorsivi. In: Lorenzo Renzi, Giampaolo Salvi & Anna Cardinaletti (eds.) (1995), Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione. Vol. III. Tipi di frase, deissi, formazione delle parole. Bologna: Il Mulino, 225–257.
[7] Bazzanella, Carla (2001) Segnali discorsivi e contesto. In Heinrich, Wilma and Heiss, Christine (eds.) Modalità e substandard. Bologna: Clueb, 41–64.
[8] Bazzanella, Carla (2006) Discourse markers in Italian: towards a "compositional" meaning. Approaches to Discourse Particles, 449–464.
[9] Bazzanella Carla (2010) I segnali discorsivi. In: Lorenzo Renzi and Giampaolo Salvi (eds.), Grammatica dell'italiano antico. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1339–1357.
[10] Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan, Finegan, Edward and Quirk, Randolph (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited.
[11] Bolden, Galina B. (2006) Little words that matter: Discourse markers "so" and "oh" and the doing of other-attentiveness in social interaction. Journal of Communication 56(4), 661–688. | DOI 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00314.x
[12] Bolden, Galina B. (2008) "So what's up?": Using the discourse marker so to launch conversational business. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 41(3), 302–337. | DOI 10.1080/08351810802237909
[13] Bolden, Galina B. (2009) Implementing incipient actions: The discourse marker 'so' in English conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 41(5), 974–998. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.10.004
[14] Borreguero Zuloaga, Margarita (2018) Topic-shift discourse markers in L2 Italian. Language, Interaction and Acquisition. Langage, Interaction et Acquisition 8(2), 173–203. https:// doi.org/10.1075/lia.15045.bor | DOI 10.1075/lia.15045.bor
[15] Bouchard, Julie, Di Ferrante, Laura, El Khatib, Nabiha and Pickering, Lucy (2021) AAC users' discourse in the workplace. In: Eric Friginal and Jack A. Hardy (eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Approaches to Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge.
[16] Brinton, Laurel J. (1998) Pragmatic Markers in English. Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
[17] Broggini, Susanna and Murphy, Amanda Claire (2017) Metadiscourse in EMI lectures: Reflections on a small corpus of spoken academic discourse. L'analisi Linguistica e Letteraria 25(2), 325–340.
[18] Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen C. (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[19] Brunetto, Yvonne, Xerri, Matthew, Farr-Wharton, Ben and Nelson, Silvia (2018) The importance of informal professional networks in developing a proactive organizational culture: a public value perspective. Public Money & Management 38(3), 203–212. | DOI 10.1080/09540962.2018.1434343
[20] Byron, Donna K. and Heeman, Peter A. (1996) Discourse marker use in task-oriented spoken dialog. Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial European Conference on Speech Communication Technology (Eurospeech '97), (Icslp 96), 97–100.
[21] Buysse, Lieven (2012) So as a multifunctional discourse marker in native and learner speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(13), 1764–1782. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2012.08.012
[22] Coates, Jennifer (1987) Epistemic modality and spoken discourse. Transactions of the Philological Society, 85(1), 110–131. | DOI 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1987.tb00714.x
[23] Crystal, David (1988) Another look at, well, you know…. English Today, 4(1), 47–49. | DOI 10.1017/S0266078400003321
[24] Cuenca, Maria-Josep (2008) Pragmatic markers in contrast: The case of well. Journal of Pragmatics 40(8), 1373–1391. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.02.013 | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.02.013
[25] Cuenca, Maria-Josep and Crible, Ludivine (2019) Co-occurrence of discourse markers in English: From juxtaposition to composition. Journal of Pragmatics 140, 171–184. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2018.12.001
[26] Cuenca, Maria-Josep and Marín Maria-Josep (2009) Co-occurrence of discourse markers in Catalan and Spanish oral narrative. Journal of Pragmatics 41(5), 899–914. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.08.010
[27] Dehé, Nicole (2014) Parentheticals in Spoken English. The Syntax-Prosody Relation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[28] Deppermann, Arnuff, Schmitt, Reinhold and Mondada, Lorenza (2010) Agenda and emergence: Contingent and planned activities in a meeting. Journal of Pragmatics 42(6), 1700–1718. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.10.006 | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2009.10.006
[29] Di Ferrante, Laura (2013) Small talk at work: A corpus-based discourse analysis of AAC and Non- AAC device users. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Texas A&M University – Commerce, TX.
[30] Di Ferrante, Laura (2016) "I love red hair. My wife has strawberry": Discursive strategies and social in the workplace. In: Lucy Pickering, Eric Friginal, and Shelley Staples (eds.) Talking at Work. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 79–97.
[31] Di Ferrante, Laura, Bouchard, Julie (2020) The nature and function of vocalizations in atypical communication. Current Developmental Disorder Reports 7, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-020-00186-x | DOI 10.1007/s40474-020-00186-x
[32] Erman, Britt (2001) Pragmatic markers revisited with a focus on you know in adult and adolescent talk. Journal of Pragmatics 33(9), 1337–1359. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00066-7 | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00066-7
[33] Fine, Gary Alan, and DeSoucey, Michaela (2005) Joking cultures: Humor themes as social regulation in group life. Humor 18(1), 1–22. | DOI 10.1515/humr.2005.18.1.1
[34] Fischer, Kerstin (2006) Towards an understanding of the spectrum of approaches to discourse particles: introduction to the volume. In: Kerstin Fischer (Ed.) Approaches to Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1–20.
[35] Friginal, Eric (2009) The Language of Outsourced Call Centers: A Corpus-based Study of Cross-cultural Interaction. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
[36] Fraser, Bruce (1996) Pragmatic markers. Pragmatics 6(2), 167–190. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.6.2.03fra | DOI 10.1075/prag.6.2.03fra
[37] Fraser, Bruce (1999) What are discourse markers? Journal of Pragmatics 31(7), 931–952. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00101-5
[38] Fraser, Bruce (2011) The sequencing of contrastive discourse markers in English. Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature, and Culture 1, 29–35.
[39] Fritz, Charlotte, Lam, Chak Fu, and Spreitzer, Gretchen M. (2011) It's the little things that matter: An examination of knowledge workers energy management. Academy of Management Perspectives 25(3), 28–39. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1108/dlo.2012.08126aaa.010
[40] Fritz, Charlotte, Ellis, Allison M., Demsky, Caitlin A., Lin, Bing C. and Guros, Frankie (2013) Embracing work breaks. Recovering from work stress. Organizational Dynamics 42(4), 274–280. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.07.005 | DOI 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.07.005
[41] Fuller, Janet M. (2003) The influence of speaker roles on discourse marker use. Journal of Pragmatics 35(1), 23–45. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00065-6 | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00065-6
[42] Fung, Loretta and Carter, Ronald (2007) Discourse markers and spoken English: Native and learner use in pedagogic settings. Applied Linguistics 28(3), 410–439. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amm030 | DOI 10.1093/applin/amm030
[43] Haselow, Alexander (2019) Discourse marker sequences: Insights into the serial order of communicative tasks in real-time turn production. Journal of Pragmatics 146, 1–18. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2019.04.003
[44] Holmes, Janet (1990) Hedges and boosters in women's and men's speech. Language & Communication 10(3), 185–205. | DOI 10.1016/0271-5309(90)90002-S
[45] Holmes, Janet (2000) Doing collegiality and keeping control at work: Small talk in government departments. In: Justine Coupland (ed.) Small Talk. Harlow: Longman, 32–61.
[46] Holmes, Janet and Marra, Meredith (2002a). Humour as a discursive boundary marker in social interaction. In: Duszak, Anna (ed.) Us and Others: Social Identities across Languages, Discourses and Cultures. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 377–400.
[47] Holmes, Janet and Marra, Meredith (2002b) Over the edge? Subversive humor between colleagues and friends. Humor 15(1), 65–88.
[48] Howe, Mary L. (1991) Topic change in conversation. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Lawrence: University of Kansas.
[49] Hyland, Ken (1998) Persuasion and context: The pragmatics of academic metadiscourse. Journal of Pragmatics 30(4), 437–455. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/s0378-2166(98)00009-5 | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00009-5
[50] Hyland, Ken (2004) Disciplinary interactions: Metadiscourse in L2 postgraduate writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 13(2), 133–151. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j. jslw.2004.02.001 | DOI 10.1016/j.jslw.2004.02.001
[51] Hyland, Ken (2017) Metadiscourse: What is it and where is it going? Journal of Pragmatics 113, 16–29. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.007 | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.007
[52] Jucker, Andreas H. and Ziv, Yael (1998) Discourse markers: Introduction. In: A. H. Jucker and Y. Ziv (eds.) Discourse Markers: Description and Theory. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1–12.
[53] Kärkkäinen, E. (2007) he role of I guess in conversational stancetaking. In Robert Englebretson (Ed.) Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 183–219.
[54] Kim, Sooyeol, Park, YoungAh and Headrick, Lucille (2018) Daily micro-break activities, positive affect, and job performance: Trait work engagement as a cross-level moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology 103(7), 772–786. | DOI 10.1037/apl0000308
[55] Kim, Sooyeol, Park, YoungAh and Niu, Qikun (2017) Micro-break activities at work to recover from daily work demands. Journal of Organizational Behavior 38(1), 28–44. | DOI 10.1002/job.2109
[56] Koester, Almut (2006) Investigating Workplace Discourse. London: Routledge.
[57] Kozubíková Šandová, Jana (2015). On the use of cognitive verbs in political interviews. Brno Studies in English 41(1), 41–59. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.5817/BSE2015-1-3 | DOI 10.5817/BSE2015-1-3
[58] Kuiper, Koenraad and Flindall, Marie (2000) Social rituals, formulaic speech and small talk at the supermarket checkout. In: Coupland, Justine (ed.) Small Talk. Harlow: Longman, 183–207.
[59] Laver, John (1975) Communicative function of phatic communion. In Adam Kendon, Richard M. Harris and Mary R. Key (eds.) Organization of Behavior in Face-to-face Interaction. Mouton, 215–238.
[60] Laver, John (1981) Linguistic routines and politeness in greeting and parting. In: Coulmas, Florian (ed.) Conversational routine. Explorations in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech. The Hague and Paris, Mouton, 289–304.
[61] Lee, Chi-Chun, Lee, Sungbok and Narayanan, Shrikanth S. (2008) An analysis of multimodal cues of interruption in dyadic spoken interactions. In: Ninth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association. Brisbane, Australia, 22-26 September 2008.
[62] Lee, Joseph J. and Subtirelu, Nicholas C. (2015) Metadiscourse in the classroom: A comparative analysis of EAP lessons and university lectures. English for Specific Purposes 37(1), 52–62. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.esp.2014.06.005 | DOI 10.1016/j.esp.2014.06.005
[63] Lindström, Anna (1994) Identification and recognition in Swedish telephone conversation openings. Language in Society 23, 231–252. | DOI 10.1017/S004740450001784X
[64] Lohmann, Arne and Koops, Christian (2016) Aspects of discourse marker sequencing. In Gunther Kaltenböck, Evelien Keizer, Arne Lohmann (eds.) Outside the Clause: Form and Function of Extra-clausal Constituents. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 417–446.
[65] Maschler, Y. (1994) Metalanguaging and discourse markers in bilingual conversation. Language in Society 23(3), 325–366. | DOI 10.1017/S0047404500018017
[66] Mullany, Louise (2006) Girls on tour: Politeness, small talk and gender identity in managerial business meetings. Journal of Politeness Research 2, 55–77.
[67] Müller, Simone (2005) Discourse Markers in Native and Non-native English Discourse. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
[68] Pickering, Lucy and Bruce, Carrie (2009) The AAC and non-AAC Workplace Corpus (ANAWC). [Collection of Electronic Texts]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia State University.
[69] Pickering, Lucy, Di Ferrante, Laura, Bruce, Carrie, Friginal, Eric, Pearson, Pamela and Bouchard, Julie (2019) An Introduction to the ANAWC: The AAC and Non-AAC Workplace Corpus. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 24(2), 230–245.
[70] Pizziconi, Sergio (in preparation). Litmus tests for discursiveness of a few markers in L1 and L2 education.
[71] Salvador Pons Bordería (2018) The combination of discourse markers in spontaneous conversations. Revue Romane. Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 53(1), 121–158. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1075/rro.00008.pon
[72] Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman.
[73] Rendle-Short, Johanna (2003) "So what does this show us?": Analysis of the discourse marker 'so' in seminar talk. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 26(2), 46–62. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.26.2.04ren | DOI 10.1075/aral.26.2.04ren
[74] Schank, Roger C. and Abelson, Robert P. (1977) Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
[75] Schiffrin, Deborah (1987) Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[76] Schneider, Klaus P. (1988) Small Talk: Analyzing Phatic Discourse. Marburg: Hitzeroth.
[77] Schourup, Lawrence (1999) Discourse markers. Lingua 107, 227–265. | DOI 10.1016/S0024-3841(96)90026-1
[78] Xerri, Matthew J., Nelson, Silvia and Brunetto, Yvonne (2015) Importance of workplace relationships and attitudes toward organizational change in engineering asset-management organizations. Journal of Management in Engineering 31(5), 04014074. | DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000306
[79] Zhao, Hongwei (2013) A study on the pragmatic fossilization of discourse markers among Chinese English learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 4(4), 707.
[2] Aijmer, Karin (1986) Oh and ah in English conversation. In: Meijs, Willem (ed.) Corpus Linguistics and Beyond. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora, 61–86.
[3] Aijmer, Karin (2015) Analysing discourse markers in spoken corpora: Actually as a case study. In: Baker, Paul and McEnery, Tony (eds.) Corpora and Discourse Studies. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 88–109.
[4] Angouri, Jo and Marra, Meredith (2010) Corporate meetings as genre: A study of the role of the chair in corporate meeting talk. Text & Talk – An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies 30(6), 615–636. | DOI 10.1515/text.2010.030
[5] Angouri, Jo and Marra, Meredith (2011) 'OK one last thing for today then': Constructing identities in corporate meeting talk. In: Angouri, Jo and Marra, Meredith (eds.) Constructing Identities at Work. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 85–100.
[6] Bazzanella Carla (1995) I segnali discorsivi. In: Lorenzo Renzi, Giampaolo Salvi & Anna Cardinaletti (eds.) (1995), Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione. Vol. III. Tipi di frase, deissi, formazione delle parole. Bologna: Il Mulino, 225–257.
[7] Bazzanella, Carla (2001) Segnali discorsivi e contesto. In Heinrich, Wilma and Heiss, Christine (eds.) Modalità e substandard. Bologna: Clueb, 41–64.
[8] Bazzanella, Carla (2006) Discourse markers in Italian: towards a "compositional" meaning. Approaches to Discourse Particles, 449–464.
[9] Bazzanella Carla (2010) I segnali discorsivi. In: Lorenzo Renzi and Giampaolo Salvi (eds.), Grammatica dell'italiano antico. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1339–1357.
[10] Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan, Finegan, Edward and Quirk, Randolph (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited.
[11] Bolden, Galina B. (2006) Little words that matter: Discourse markers "so" and "oh" and the doing of other-attentiveness in social interaction. Journal of Communication 56(4), 661–688. | DOI 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00314.x
[12] Bolden, Galina B. (2008) "So what's up?": Using the discourse marker so to launch conversational business. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 41(3), 302–337. | DOI 10.1080/08351810802237909
[13] Bolden, Galina B. (2009) Implementing incipient actions: The discourse marker 'so' in English conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 41(5), 974–998. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.10.004
[14] Borreguero Zuloaga, Margarita (2018) Topic-shift discourse markers in L2 Italian. Language, Interaction and Acquisition. Langage, Interaction et Acquisition 8(2), 173–203. https:// doi.org/10.1075/lia.15045.bor | DOI 10.1075/lia.15045.bor
[15] Bouchard, Julie, Di Ferrante, Laura, El Khatib, Nabiha and Pickering, Lucy (2021) AAC users' discourse in the workplace. In: Eric Friginal and Jack A. Hardy (eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Approaches to Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge.
[16] Brinton, Laurel J. (1998) Pragmatic Markers in English. Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
[17] Broggini, Susanna and Murphy, Amanda Claire (2017) Metadiscourse in EMI lectures: Reflections on a small corpus of spoken academic discourse. L'analisi Linguistica e Letteraria 25(2), 325–340.
[18] Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen C. (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[19] Brunetto, Yvonne, Xerri, Matthew, Farr-Wharton, Ben and Nelson, Silvia (2018) The importance of informal professional networks in developing a proactive organizational culture: a public value perspective. Public Money & Management 38(3), 203–212. | DOI 10.1080/09540962.2018.1434343
[20] Byron, Donna K. and Heeman, Peter A. (1996) Discourse marker use in task-oriented spoken dialog. Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial European Conference on Speech Communication Technology (Eurospeech '97), (Icslp 96), 97–100.
[21] Buysse, Lieven (2012) So as a multifunctional discourse marker in native and learner speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(13), 1764–1782. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2012.08.012
[22] Coates, Jennifer (1987) Epistemic modality and spoken discourse. Transactions of the Philological Society, 85(1), 110–131. | DOI 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1987.tb00714.x
[23] Crystal, David (1988) Another look at, well, you know…. English Today, 4(1), 47–49. | DOI 10.1017/S0266078400003321
[24] Cuenca, Maria-Josep (2008) Pragmatic markers in contrast: The case of well. Journal of Pragmatics 40(8), 1373–1391. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.02.013 | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.02.013
[25] Cuenca, Maria-Josep and Crible, Ludivine (2019) Co-occurrence of discourse markers in English: From juxtaposition to composition. Journal of Pragmatics 140, 171–184. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2018.12.001
[26] Cuenca, Maria-Josep and Marín Maria-Josep (2009) Co-occurrence of discourse markers in Catalan and Spanish oral narrative. Journal of Pragmatics 41(5), 899–914. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.08.010
[27] Dehé, Nicole (2014) Parentheticals in Spoken English. The Syntax-Prosody Relation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[28] Deppermann, Arnuff, Schmitt, Reinhold and Mondada, Lorenza (2010) Agenda and emergence: Contingent and planned activities in a meeting. Journal of Pragmatics 42(6), 1700–1718. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.10.006 | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2009.10.006
[29] Di Ferrante, Laura (2013) Small talk at work: A corpus-based discourse analysis of AAC and Non- AAC device users. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Texas A&M University – Commerce, TX.
[30] Di Ferrante, Laura (2016) "I love red hair. My wife has strawberry": Discursive strategies and social in the workplace. In: Lucy Pickering, Eric Friginal, and Shelley Staples (eds.) Talking at Work. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 79–97.
[31] Di Ferrante, Laura, Bouchard, Julie (2020) The nature and function of vocalizations in atypical communication. Current Developmental Disorder Reports 7, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-020-00186-x | DOI 10.1007/s40474-020-00186-x
[32] Erman, Britt (2001) Pragmatic markers revisited with a focus on you know in adult and adolescent talk. Journal of Pragmatics 33(9), 1337–1359. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00066-7 | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00066-7
[33] Fine, Gary Alan, and DeSoucey, Michaela (2005) Joking cultures: Humor themes as social regulation in group life. Humor 18(1), 1–22. | DOI 10.1515/humr.2005.18.1.1
[34] Fischer, Kerstin (2006) Towards an understanding of the spectrum of approaches to discourse particles: introduction to the volume. In: Kerstin Fischer (Ed.) Approaches to Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1–20.
[35] Friginal, Eric (2009) The Language of Outsourced Call Centers: A Corpus-based Study of Cross-cultural Interaction. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
[36] Fraser, Bruce (1996) Pragmatic markers. Pragmatics 6(2), 167–190. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.6.2.03fra | DOI 10.1075/prag.6.2.03fra
[37] Fraser, Bruce (1999) What are discourse markers? Journal of Pragmatics 31(7), 931–952. | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00101-5
[38] Fraser, Bruce (2011) The sequencing of contrastive discourse markers in English. Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature, and Culture 1, 29–35.
[39] Fritz, Charlotte, Lam, Chak Fu, and Spreitzer, Gretchen M. (2011) It's the little things that matter: An examination of knowledge workers energy management. Academy of Management Perspectives 25(3), 28–39. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1108/dlo.2012.08126aaa.010
[40] Fritz, Charlotte, Ellis, Allison M., Demsky, Caitlin A., Lin, Bing C. and Guros, Frankie (2013) Embracing work breaks. Recovering from work stress. Organizational Dynamics 42(4), 274–280. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.07.005 | DOI 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.07.005
[41] Fuller, Janet M. (2003) The influence of speaker roles on discourse marker use. Journal of Pragmatics 35(1), 23–45. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00065-6 | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00065-6
[42] Fung, Loretta and Carter, Ronald (2007) Discourse markers and spoken English: Native and learner use in pedagogic settings. Applied Linguistics 28(3), 410–439. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amm030 | DOI 10.1093/applin/amm030
[43] Haselow, Alexander (2019) Discourse marker sequences: Insights into the serial order of communicative tasks in real-time turn production. Journal of Pragmatics 146, 1–18. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2019.04.003
[44] Holmes, Janet (1990) Hedges and boosters in women's and men's speech. Language & Communication 10(3), 185–205. | DOI 10.1016/0271-5309(90)90002-S
[45] Holmes, Janet (2000) Doing collegiality and keeping control at work: Small talk in government departments. In: Justine Coupland (ed.) Small Talk. Harlow: Longman, 32–61.
[46] Holmes, Janet and Marra, Meredith (2002a). Humour as a discursive boundary marker in social interaction. In: Duszak, Anna (ed.) Us and Others: Social Identities across Languages, Discourses and Cultures. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 377–400.
[47] Holmes, Janet and Marra, Meredith (2002b) Over the edge? Subversive humor between colleagues and friends. Humor 15(1), 65–88.
[48] Howe, Mary L. (1991) Topic change in conversation. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Lawrence: University of Kansas.
[49] Hyland, Ken (1998) Persuasion and context: The pragmatics of academic metadiscourse. Journal of Pragmatics 30(4), 437–455. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/s0378-2166(98)00009-5 | DOI 10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00009-5
[50] Hyland, Ken (2004) Disciplinary interactions: Metadiscourse in L2 postgraduate writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 13(2), 133–151. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j. jslw.2004.02.001 | DOI 10.1016/j.jslw.2004.02.001
[51] Hyland, Ken (2017) Metadiscourse: What is it and where is it going? Journal of Pragmatics 113, 16–29. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.007 | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.007
[52] Jucker, Andreas H. and Ziv, Yael (1998) Discourse markers: Introduction. In: A. H. Jucker and Y. Ziv (eds.) Discourse Markers: Description and Theory. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1–12.
[53] Kärkkäinen, E. (2007) he role of I guess in conversational stancetaking. In Robert Englebretson (Ed.) Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 183–219.
[54] Kim, Sooyeol, Park, YoungAh and Headrick, Lucille (2018) Daily micro-break activities, positive affect, and job performance: Trait work engagement as a cross-level moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology 103(7), 772–786. | DOI 10.1037/apl0000308
[55] Kim, Sooyeol, Park, YoungAh and Niu, Qikun (2017) Micro-break activities at work to recover from daily work demands. Journal of Organizational Behavior 38(1), 28–44. | DOI 10.1002/job.2109
[56] Koester, Almut (2006) Investigating Workplace Discourse. London: Routledge.
[57] Kozubíková Šandová, Jana (2015). On the use of cognitive verbs in political interviews. Brno Studies in English 41(1), 41–59. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.5817/BSE2015-1-3 | DOI 10.5817/BSE2015-1-3
[58] Kuiper, Koenraad and Flindall, Marie (2000) Social rituals, formulaic speech and small talk at the supermarket checkout. In: Coupland, Justine (ed.) Small Talk. Harlow: Longman, 183–207.
[59] Laver, John (1975) Communicative function of phatic communion. In Adam Kendon, Richard M. Harris and Mary R. Key (eds.) Organization of Behavior in Face-to-face Interaction. Mouton, 215–238.
[60] Laver, John (1981) Linguistic routines and politeness in greeting and parting. In: Coulmas, Florian (ed.) Conversational routine. Explorations in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech. The Hague and Paris, Mouton, 289–304.
[61] Lee, Chi-Chun, Lee, Sungbok and Narayanan, Shrikanth S. (2008) An analysis of multimodal cues of interruption in dyadic spoken interactions. In: Ninth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association. Brisbane, Australia, 22-26 September 2008.
[62] Lee, Joseph J. and Subtirelu, Nicholas C. (2015) Metadiscourse in the classroom: A comparative analysis of EAP lessons and university lectures. English for Specific Purposes 37(1), 52–62. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1016/j.esp.2014.06.005 | DOI 10.1016/j.esp.2014.06.005
[63] Lindström, Anna (1994) Identification and recognition in Swedish telephone conversation openings. Language in Society 23, 231–252. | DOI 10.1017/S004740450001784X
[64] Lohmann, Arne and Koops, Christian (2016) Aspects of discourse marker sequencing. In Gunther Kaltenböck, Evelien Keizer, Arne Lohmann (eds.) Outside the Clause: Form and Function of Extra-clausal Constituents. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 417–446.
[65] Maschler, Y. (1994) Metalanguaging and discourse markers in bilingual conversation. Language in Society 23(3), 325–366. | DOI 10.1017/S0047404500018017
[66] Mullany, Louise (2006) Girls on tour: Politeness, small talk and gender identity in managerial business meetings. Journal of Politeness Research 2, 55–77.
[67] Müller, Simone (2005) Discourse Markers in Native and Non-native English Discourse. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
[68] Pickering, Lucy and Bruce, Carrie (2009) The AAC and non-AAC Workplace Corpus (ANAWC). [Collection of Electronic Texts]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia State University.
[69] Pickering, Lucy, Di Ferrante, Laura, Bruce, Carrie, Friginal, Eric, Pearson, Pamela and Bouchard, Julie (2019) An Introduction to the ANAWC: The AAC and Non-AAC Workplace Corpus. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 24(2), 230–245.
[70] Pizziconi, Sergio (in preparation). Litmus tests for discursiveness of a few markers in L1 and L2 education.
[71] Salvador Pons Bordería (2018) The combination of discourse markers in spontaneous conversations. Revue Romane. Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 53(1), 121–158. https://doi-org.ezproxy.muni.cz/10.1075/rro.00008.pon
[72] Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman.
[73] Rendle-Short, Johanna (2003) "So what does this show us?": Analysis of the discourse marker 'so' in seminar talk. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 26(2), 46–62. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.26.2.04ren | DOI 10.1075/aral.26.2.04ren
[74] Schank, Roger C. and Abelson, Robert P. (1977) Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
[75] Schiffrin, Deborah (1987) Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[76] Schneider, Klaus P. (1988) Small Talk: Analyzing Phatic Discourse. Marburg: Hitzeroth.
[77] Schourup, Lawrence (1999) Discourse markers. Lingua 107, 227–265. | DOI 10.1016/S0024-3841(96)90026-1
[78] Xerri, Matthew J., Nelson, Silvia and Brunetto, Yvonne (2015) Importance of workplace relationships and attitudes toward organizational change in engineering asset-management organizations. Journal of Management in Engineering 31(5), 04014074. | DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000306
[79] Zhao, Hongwei (2013) A study on the pragmatic fossilization of discourse markers among Chinese English learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 4(4), 707.