Název: Tracing medieval maces of Romania : evaluation of the Medieval Mace Heads from the National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest (Romania)
Variantní název:
- Po stopách stredovekých palcátov Rumunska : vyhodnotenie stredovekých hlavíc palcátov z Národného múzea rumunskej histórie v Bukurešti (Rumunsko)
Zdrojový dokument: Archaeologia historica. 2024, roč. 49, č. 1, s. 309-342
Rozsah
309-342
-
ISSN0231-5823 (print)2336-4386 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/AH2024-1-12
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/digilib.80167
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Jazyk shrnutí
Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
Přístupová práva
otevřený přístup
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
During research (since 2018) in the medieval part of the depository of the Department of Archaeology in the National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest, the authors of the article gathered the assemblage of seven mace heads and one whole mace. Exactly half of all the specimens (50 %, four items) come from an unknown place of discovery. The rest originated in three historical regions of Romania – Dobruja, Moldavia and Bukovina. Six out of eight mace heads / maces have not been published yet and the two published specimens have not been assessed satisfactorily. The aforementioned mace heads and mace date from the Early Middle Ages to the Late Middle Ages, or even the Early Modern Age. The authors of the article carried out the classification and chronological evaluation of the examined mace heads and mace and look for their analogies. They also focus on iron and non-ferrous metals applied to these mace heads through the prism of their radiographic and spectroscopic analyses.
Počas výskumu (od roku 2018) v stredovekej časti depozitára Oddelenia archeológie Národného múzea rumunskej histórie v Bukurešti autori článku zozbierali súbor siedmich hlavíc palcátov a jedného celého palcátu. Presne polovica všetkých exemplárov (50 %, 4 ks) však nemá známe miesto svojho nálezu. Zvyšok má pôvod v troch historických oblastiach Rumunska – Dobrudži, Moldavsku a Bukovine. Z ôsmich hlavíc palcátov / palcátov nebolo doteraz publikovaných šesť a ani dva už publikované exempláre neboli zatiaľ uspokojivo vyhodnotené. Uvedené hlavice palcátov a celý palcát môžeme datovať od raného do neskorého stredoveku, prípadne až do raného novoveku. Autori článku predkladajú klasifikačné a chronologické vyhodnotenie skúmaných hlavíc palcátov a palcátu a pokúšajú sa nájsť aj ich analógie. Posudzujú tiež i železo a farebné kovy použité pri ich výrobe, a to cez prizmu ich rádiografických a spektroskopických analýz.
Reference
[1] ALEKSIĆ, M. (2007). Mediaeval Swords from Southeastern Europe. Material from 12th to 15th century. Belgrade.
[2] ANGHELUȚĂ, L.-M. (2022). Report on radiography of the mace heads from National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest. The 13th of May 2022. Unpublished report of the Center of Excellence for Restoration by Optoelectronic Techniques at the National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics - INOE 2000. Măgurele.
[3] BOŠKOVIĆ, D. (2002). Naoružanje vojske kralja Kolomana. Oružje i oprema ratnika u 11 stoljeću. In: Katalog izložbe Kolomanov put. Hrvatski povijesni muzej (Marijanović, J. et al., edd.), 150-162 and selected relevant catalogue entries on pages 163-176. Zagreb.
[4] CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY: Available from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/flange, cit. 23. 9. 2023.
[5] CSIKY, G. (2015). Avar-Age Polearms and Edged Weapons. Classification, Typology, Chronology and Technology. Leiden - Boston. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004304543
[6] D'AMATO, R. (2011). Σιδηροράβδιον, βαρδούκιον, ματζούκιον, κορύνη: The war-mace of Byzantium, the 9th-15th c. AD. New evidences from the Balkans in the collection of the World Museum of Man, Florida, Acta Militaria Mediaevalia VII, 7-48.
[7] DAUBNEY, A. (2010). Medieval Copper-alloy Mace-heads from England, Scotland and Wales. In: A Decade of Discovery: proceedings of the Portable Antiquities Scheme Conference 2007. BAR Brit Ser 520 (Worrell, S.-Egan, G.-Naylor, J.-Leahy, K.-Lewis, M. A., edd.), 194-200. Oxford. | DOI 10.30861/9781407307237
[8] DEJAN, M.-ILIE, O., edd. (2017). Ștefan cel Mare: din istorie în veșnicie. Suceava.
[9] DINU, M.-GHERVASE, L.-CORTEA, I.-M. (2022). Elemental and molecular characterization of Medieval weapons from MNIR Collection. The 23rd of May 2022. Unpublished report of the Center of Excellence for Restoration by Optoelectronic Techniques at the National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics - INOE 2000. Măgurele.
[10] FĂRCAȘ, A.-O. (2016). Maces in Medieval Transylvania between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. MA Thesis in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Central European University. Budapest.
[11] GAITZSCH, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon. Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin - New York.
[12] GHERVASE, L. et al. (2020). Ghervase, L.-Dinu, M.-Bors, C.-Angheluță, L.-M.-Rădvan, R.-Cortea, I.-M., Investigation on metal adornments from ancient Eastern Europe, Frontiers in Materials, 7:600913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.600913
[13] GŁUSZEK, R. (2023). The Vasa dynasty portraitists. Available from: https://www.polenvoornederlanders.com/?page_id=7081&lang=en, https://i2.wp.com/www.polenvoornederlanders.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw-Waza.jpg?ssl=1, cit. 17. 2. 2023.
[14] ГОРЕЛИК, М. В. (2002). Армии Монголо-Татар X-XIV веков. Воинское искусство, снаряжение, оружие. Москва.
[15] GUTOWSKI, J. (2015). Ceremonial Maces in Poland from the 16th to the 18th century. Warsaw.
[16] HALPIN, A. (1988). Irish Medieval Bronze Maceheads. In: Keimelia: studies in medieval archaeology and history in memory of Tom Delaney (Niocaill, G. M.-Wallace, P. F., edd.), 168-192. Galway.
[17] ILIE, O.-DEJAN, M., edd. (2018). Ştefan cel Mare. Din istorie în veșnicie. București.
[18] IMIOŁCZYK, E.-ZDANIEWICZ, R. (2022). A Find of a Bronze Macehead from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland in Poland, Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae XXXV, 147-159. https://doi.org/10.23858/FAH35.2022.010
[19] ЙОТОВ, В. (2004). Въоръжението и снаряжението от българското средновековие (VII-XI век). Варна.
[20] KIPFER, B. A. (2007). Dictionary of Artifacts. Malden, MA - Oxford - Carlton. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690901
[21] КИРПИЧНИКОВ, А. Н. (1966). Древнерусское оружие. Выпуск второй. Копья, сулицы, боевые топоры, булавы, кистени IX-XIII вв. Москва - Ленинград.
[22] KIRPIČNIKOV, A. N. (1986). Russische Waffen des 9.-15. Jahrhunderts, Waffen und Kostümkunde 28, No. 2, 85-129.
[23] KOVÁCS, L. (1971). A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Fegyvertárának XI-XIV. századi csillag alakú buzogányai, Folia Archaeologica XII, 165-181.
[24] KOVÁCS, T. S. (2016). Maces, war-hammers and topors from Hungarian collections. Budapest.
[25] KOVÁCS, T. S. (2017). Weapons and Insignia of Power. In: The Silver of Fairyland. A Transylvanian Thaler Collection in the Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Tóth, Cs., ed.), 201-209. Budapest.
[26] KOVÁCS, T. S. (2019). Hárman sem birnátok súlyos buzogányát... - Válogatás a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum sújtófegyvereiből. Budapest.
[27] LIWOCH, R. (2006). Buławy z zachodniej Ukrainy, Acta Militaria Mediaevalia II, 67-78.
[28] LIWOCH, R. (2016). Węgierska buława z Librantowej. In: Od Bachórza do Światowida ze Zbrucza. Tworzenie się słowiańskiej Europy w ujęciu źródłoznawczym. Księga jubileuszowa Profesora Michała Parczewskiego (Chudzińska, B.-Wojenka, M., edd.), 675-679. Rzeszów.
[29] MAREK, L.-MIAZGA, B. (2012). Średniowieczna buława z okolic Wrocławia, Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne LIV, 367-375.
[30] MĂTASĂ, C.-ZAMOȘTEANU, I.-ZAMOȘTEANU, M. (1960). Săpăturile de la Piatra Neamț, Materiale și Cercetări Arheologice VII, 339-349. https://doi.org/10.3406/mcarh.1961.1646
[31] MICHALAK, A. (2011). A 14th Century Hungarian Knobbed Mace Head From the Birów Mountain in Podzamcze in the Polish Jura Chain. In: Cum Arma Per Aeva: Uzbrojenie indywidualne na przestrzeni dziejów (Kucypera, P.-Pudło, P., edd.), 173-200. Toruń.
[32] MICHALAK, A. (2019). Arma confinii. Przemiany późnośredniowiecznej broni na rubieżach Śląska, Wielkopolski, Branderburgii i Łużyc. Zielona Góra.
[33] MICHALAK, A. (2019a). On throwing maces yet again. In: Военная археология. Сборник материалов научного семинара. Выпуск 5 (Двуреченский, О. В., ed.), 133-142. Москва. https://doi.org/10.25681/IARAS.2686-6889.1905.133-142
[34] NICULESCU, Gh. (2023). Report on the quantitative XRF analysis of the mace heads from National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest. The 8th of February 2023. Unpublished report of the X-Ray Investigation Department within the Section of the Physical-Chemical and Biological Investigations of the National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest. Bucharest.
[35] NIȚOI, A. (2007). Arme și armuri în colecțiile Muzeului Brukenthal. Brukenthal.
[36] OAKESHOTT, E. (2000). European Arms and Armour from Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution. Woodbridge.
[37] ПАРУШЕВ, В. (1998). Боздугани от музея в Добрич, Археология 3-4, 67-72.
[38] ПЕКОВИЋ, М. (2006). Археолошка збирка Војног музеја у Београду. Београд.
[39] PINCA, R. (2003). Capete de buzdugan din colecția muzeului din Lugoj, Banatica 16/I, 333-338.
[40] PINTER, Z.-K. (2007). Spada și sabia medievală în Transilvania şi Banat (secolele IX-XIV). Sibiu.
[41] ПОПОВ, С. Й. / POPOV, S. (2014). Боздуганите от днешните български земи (X-XVII век) / The maces from the present Bulgarian lands (10th-17th c. AD). София/Sofia.
[42] POPOV, S. (2018). Collection of Maces from the National Institute of Archaeology with Museum in Sofia, Bulgaria. In: Relații interetnice în Transilvania: Militaria Medievalia în Europa Centrală și de Sud-Vest. Lucrări prezentate în conferințele internaționale Relații interetnice în Transilvania, Sibiu, 2015-2017 (Pinter, Z. K.-Nițoi, A.-Urduzia, C., edd.), 153-178. Sibiu.
[43] RADVAN, R.-BORS, C.-GHERVASE, L. (2016). Portable X-ray fluorescence investigation of certain bronze beads of hoard Tărtăria I and their specific corrosion, Romanian Journal of Physics 61, Nos. 9-10, 1530-1538.
[44] ROMFEYA: Available from: https:yellow.place/it/romfeya-plovdiv-bulgaria, cit. 18. 1. 2023.
[45] RUDZIŃSKA, M. et al. (2013). Rudzińska, M.-Garbacz-Klempka, A.-Dyga, A.-Liwoch, R., Nieniszczące badania średniowiecznej buławy, Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, No. 3, 139-142.
[46] RUTTKAY, A. (1976). Waffen und Reiterausrüstung des 9. Bis zur ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts in der Slowakei (II), SlArch XXIV, 245-395.
[47] SCORPAN, C. (1965). L'ensemble archéologiques féodal de Bîtca Doamnei, Dacia. Nouvelle Série IX, 441-454.
[48] SIJARIĆ, M. (2014). Hladno oružje iz Bosne i Hercegovine u arheologiji razvijenog i kasnog srednjeg vijeka. Sarajevo.
[49] SIMILEANU, M. (2016). LIBS quantitative analyses of bronze objects for Cultural Heritage applications, Romanian Reports in Physics 68, No. 1, 203-209.
[50] SIMINA, N.-M.-ANGHEL, Gh. (1998). Capete de buzdugan din secolele XI-XIV din colecția Muzeului Național al Unirii Alba Iulia, Arheologia medievală II, 161-171.
[51] SÓFALVI, A. (2021). The Karácsonkő Castle: an Outpost on the Eastern Side of the Carpathians, Hungarian Archaeology 10, No. 4, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.36338/ha.2021.4.3
[52] SHPAKOVSKY, V.-NICOLLE, D. (2013). Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan, 9th-16th Centuries. Oxford.
[53] STRZYŻ, P. (2005). Ruskie buławy "gwiaździste" z terenu Małopolski, Acta Militaria Mediaevalia I, 107-114.
[54] ŠEDO, O. (2011-2012). Materiálové báze pravěké hmotné kultury. In: Studijní materiály. K projektu Inovace studijního programu 7105 Historické vědy an Slezské univerzitě, reg. č. CZ.1.07/2.2.00/15.0175. Díl 1. (Šimánek, S., ed.), 245-298. Opava.
[55] ȘTEFAN, Gh. et al. (1967). Ștefan, Gh.-Barnea, I.-Comșa, M.-Comșa, E., Dinogetia. I. Așezarea feudală timpurie de la Bisericuța-Garvăn. București.
[56] TRAKART RESEARCH CENTRE-MUSEUM: Available from: https:www.visitplovdiv.com/en/node/5632, cit. 18. 1. 2023.
[57] ВИТЛЯНОВ, С. (1996). Старобългарското въоръжение по археологически данни от Плиска, Мадара и Велики Преслав. София.
[58] VLĂDESCU, C. M. (1968). Încercări asupra periodizării și tipologiei armelor albe occidentale (secolele XV-XVIII), Studii și Materiale de Muzeografie și Istorie Militară 1, 77-112.
[59] VLĂDESCU, C. (1973). Tipuri de arme albe și armuri la oștile române în a doua jumătate a secolului al XV-lea, Studii și Materiale de Muzeografie și Istorie Militară 6, 58-86.
[60] VLĂDESCU, C. (1974-1975). Arme albe și armuri folosite de oștile române în secolul al XVI-lea, Studii şi Materiale de Muzeografie și Istorie Militară 7-8, 151-180.
[61] VLĂDESCU, C.-KÖNIG, C.-POPA, D. (1973). Arme în muzeele din România. București.
[2] ANGHELUȚĂ, L.-M. (2022). Report on radiography of the mace heads from National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest. The 13th of May 2022. Unpublished report of the Center of Excellence for Restoration by Optoelectronic Techniques at the National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics - INOE 2000. Măgurele.
[3] BOŠKOVIĆ, D. (2002). Naoružanje vojske kralja Kolomana. Oružje i oprema ratnika u 11 stoljeću. In: Katalog izložbe Kolomanov put. Hrvatski povijesni muzej (Marijanović, J. et al., edd.), 150-162 and selected relevant catalogue entries on pages 163-176. Zagreb.
[4] CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY: Available from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/flange, cit. 23. 9. 2023.
[5] CSIKY, G. (2015). Avar-Age Polearms and Edged Weapons. Classification, Typology, Chronology and Technology. Leiden - Boston. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004304543
[6] D'AMATO, R. (2011). Σιδηροράβδιον, βαρδούκιον, ματζούκιον, κορύνη: The war-mace of Byzantium, the 9th-15th c. AD. New evidences from the Balkans in the collection of the World Museum of Man, Florida, Acta Militaria Mediaevalia VII, 7-48.
[7] DAUBNEY, A. (2010). Medieval Copper-alloy Mace-heads from England, Scotland and Wales. In: A Decade of Discovery: proceedings of the Portable Antiquities Scheme Conference 2007. BAR Brit Ser 520 (Worrell, S.-Egan, G.-Naylor, J.-Leahy, K.-Lewis, M. A., edd.), 194-200. Oxford. | DOI 10.30861/9781407307237
[8] DEJAN, M.-ILIE, O., edd. (2017). Ștefan cel Mare: din istorie în veșnicie. Suceava.
[9] DINU, M.-GHERVASE, L.-CORTEA, I.-M. (2022). Elemental and molecular characterization of Medieval weapons from MNIR Collection. The 23rd of May 2022. Unpublished report of the Center of Excellence for Restoration by Optoelectronic Techniques at the National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics - INOE 2000. Măgurele.
[10] FĂRCAȘ, A.-O. (2016). Maces in Medieval Transylvania between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. MA Thesis in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Central European University. Budapest.
[11] GAITZSCH, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon. Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin - New York.
[12] GHERVASE, L. et al. (2020). Ghervase, L.-Dinu, M.-Bors, C.-Angheluță, L.-M.-Rădvan, R.-Cortea, I.-M., Investigation on metal adornments from ancient Eastern Europe, Frontiers in Materials, 7:600913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.600913
[13] GŁUSZEK, R. (2023). The Vasa dynasty portraitists. Available from: https://www.polenvoornederlanders.com/?page_id=7081&lang=en, https://i2.wp.com/www.polenvoornederlanders.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw-Waza.jpg?ssl=1, cit. 17. 2. 2023.
[14] ГОРЕЛИК, М. В. (2002). Армии Монголо-Татар X-XIV веков. Воинское искусство, снаряжение, оружие. Москва.
[15] GUTOWSKI, J. (2015). Ceremonial Maces in Poland from the 16th to the 18th century. Warsaw.
[16] HALPIN, A. (1988). Irish Medieval Bronze Maceheads. In: Keimelia: studies in medieval archaeology and history in memory of Tom Delaney (Niocaill, G. M.-Wallace, P. F., edd.), 168-192. Galway.
[17] ILIE, O.-DEJAN, M., edd. (2018). Ştefan cel Mare. Din istorie în veșnicie. București.
[18] IMIOŁCZYK, E.-ZDANIEWICZ, R. (2022). A Find of a Bronze Macehead from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland in Poland, Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae XXXV, 147-159. https://doi.org/10.23858/FAH35.2022.010
[19] ЙОТОВ, В. (2004). Въоръжението и снаряжението от българското средновековие (VII-XI век). Варна.
[20] KIPFER, B. A. (2007). Dictionary of Artifacts. Malden, MA - Oxford - Carlton. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690901
[21] КИРПИЧНИКОВ, А. Н. (1966). Древнерусское оружие. Выпуск второй. Копья, сулицы, боевые топоры, булавы, кистени IX-XIII вв. Москва - Ленинград.
[22] KIRPIČNIKOV, A. N. (1986). Russische Waffen des 9.-15. Jahrhunderts, Waffen und Kostümkunde 28, No. 2, 85-129.
[23] KOVÁCS, L. (1971). A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Fegyvertárának XI-XIV. századi csillag alakú buzogányai, Folia Archaeologica XII, 165-181.
[24] KOVÁCS, T. S. (2016). Maces, war-hammers and topors from Hungarian collections. Budapest.
[25] KOVÁCS, T. S. (2017). Weapons and Insignia of Power. In: The Silver of Fairyland. A Transylvanian Thaler Collection in the Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Tóth, Cs., ed.), 201-209. Budapest.
[26] KOVÁCS, T. S. (2019). Hárman sem birnátok súlyos buzogányát... - Válogatás a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum sújtófegyvereiből. Budapest.
[27] LIWOCH, R. (2006). Buławy z zachodniej Ukrainy, Acta Militaria Mediaevalia II, 67-78.
[28] LIWOCH, R. (2016). Węgierska buława z Librantowej. In: Od Bachórza do Światowida ze Zbrucza. Tworzenie się słowiańskiej Europy w ujęciu źródłoznawczym. Księga jubileuszowa Profesora Michała Parczewskiego (Chudzińska, B.-Wojenka, M., edd.), 675-679. Rzeszów.
[29] MAREK, L.-MIAZGA, B. (2012). Średniowieczna buława z okolic Wrocławia, Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne LIV, 367-375.
[30] MĂTASĂ, C.-ZAMOȘTEANU, I.-ZAMOȘTEANU, M. (1960). Săpăturile de la Piatra Neamț, Materiale și Cercetări Arheologice VII, 339-349. https://doi.org/10.3406/mcarh.1961.1646
[31] MICHALAK, A. (2011). A 14th Century Hungarian Knobbed Mace Head From the Birów Mountain in Podzamcze in the Polish Jura Chain. In: Cum Arma Per Aeva: Uzbrojenie indywidualne na przestrzeni dziejów (Kucypera, P.-Pudło, P., edd.), 173-200. Toruń.
[32] MICHALAK, A. (2019). Arma confinii. Przemiany późnośredniowiecznej broni na rubieżach Śląska, Wielkopolski, Branderburgii i Łużyc. Zielona Góra.
[33] MICHALAK, A. (2019a). On throwing maces yet again. In: Военная археология. Сборник материалов научного семинара. Выпуск 5 (Двуреченский, О. В., ed.), 133-142. Москва. https://doi.org/10.25681/IARAS.2686-6889.1905.133-142
[34] NICULESCU, Gh. (2023). Report on the quantitative XRF analysis of the mace heads from National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest. The 8th of February 2023. Unpublished report of the X-Ray Investigation Department within the Section of the Physical-Chemical and Biological Investigations of the National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest. Bucharest.
[35] NIȚOI, A. (2007). Arme și armuri în colecțiile Muzeului Brukenthal. Brukenthal.
[36] OAKESHOTT, E. (2000). European Arms and Armour from Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution. Woodbridge.
[37] ПАРУШЕВ, В. (1998). Боздугани от музея в Добрич, Археология 3-4, 67-72.
[38] ПЕКОВИЋ, М. (2006). Археолошка збирка Војног музеја у Београду. Београд.
[39] PINCA, R. (2003). Capete de buzdugan din colecția muzeului din Lugoj, Banatica 16/I, 333-338.
[40] PINTER, Z.-K. (2007). Spada și sabia medievală în Transilvania şi Banat (secolele IX-XIV). Sibiu.
[41] ПОПОВ, С. Й. / POPOV, S. (2014). Боздуганите от днешните български земи (X-XVII век) / The maces from the present Bulgarian lands (10th-17th c. AD). София/Sofia.
[42] POPOV, S. (2018). Collection of Maces from the National Institute of Archaeology with Museum in Sofia, Bulgaria. In: Relații interetnice în Transilvania: Militaria Medievalia în Europa Centrală și de Sud-Vest. Lucrări prezentate în conferințele internaționale Relații interetnice în Transilvania, Sibiu, 2015-2017 (Pinter, Z. K.-Nițoi, A.-Urduzia, C., edd.), 153-178. Sibiu.
[43] RADVAN, R.-BORS, C.-GHERVASE, L. (2016). Portable X-ray fluorescence investigation of certain bronze beads of hoard Tărtăria I and their specific corrosion, Romanian Journal of Physics 61, Nos. 9-10, 1530-1538.
[44] ROMFEYA: Available from: https:yellow.place/it/romfeya-plovdiv-bulgaria, cit. 18. 1. 2023.
[45] RUDZIŃSKA, M. et al. (2013). Rudzińska, M.-Garbacz-Klempka, A.-Dyga, A.-Liwoch, R., Nieniszczące badania średniowiecznej buławy, Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, No. 3, 139-142.
[46] RUTTKAY, A. (1976). Waffen und Reiterausrüstung des 9. Bis zur ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts in der Slowakei (II), SlArch XXIV, 245-395.
[47] SCORPAN, C. (1965). L'ensemble archéologiques féodal de Bîtca Doamnei, Dacia. Nouvelle Série IX, 441-454.
[48] SIJARIĆ, M. (2014). Hladno oružje iz Bosne i Hercegovine u arheologiji razvijenog i kasnog srednjeg vijeka. Sarajevo.
[49] SIMILEANU, M. (2016). LIBS quantitative analyses of bronze objects for Cultural Heritage applications, Romanian Reports in Physics 68, No. 1, 203-209.
[50] SIMINA, N.-M.-ANGHEL, Gh. (1998). Capete de buzdugan din secolele XI-XIV din colecția Muzeului Național al Unirii Alba Iulia, Arheologia medievală II, 161-171.
[51] SÓFALVI, A. (2021). The Karácsonkő Castle: an Outpost on the Eastern Side of the Carpathians, Hungarian Archaeology 10, No. 4, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.36338/ha.2021.4.3
[52] SHPAKOVSKY, V.-NICOLLE, D. (2013). Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan, 9th-16th Centuries. Oxford.
[53] STRZYŻ, P. (2005). Ruskie buławy "gwiaździste" z terenu Małopolski, Acta Militaria Mediaevalia I, 107-114.
[54] ŠEDO, O. (2011-2012). Materiálové báze pravěké hmotné kultury. In: Studijní materiály. K projektu Inovace studijního programu 7105 Historické vědy an Slezské univerzitě, reg. č. CZ.1.07/2.2.00/15.0175. Díl 1. (Šimánek, S., ed.), 245-298. Opava.
[55] ȘTEFAN, Gh. et al. (1967). Ștefan, Gh.-Barnea, I.-Comșa, M.-Comșa, E., Dinogetia. I. Așezarea feudală timpurie de la Bisericuța-Garvăn. București.
[56] TRAKART RESEARCH CENTRE-MUSEUM: Available from: https:www.visitplovdiv.com/en/node/5632, cit. 18. 1. 2023.
[57] ВИТЛЯНОВ, С. (1996). Старобългарското въоръжение по археологически данни от Плиска, Мадара и Велики Преслав. София.
[58] VLĂDESCU, C. M. (1968). Încercări asupra periodizării și tipologiei armelor albe occidentale (secolele XV-XVIII), Studii și Materiale de Muzeografie și Istorie Militară 1, 77-112.
[59] VLĂDESCU, C. (1973). Tipuri de arme albe și armuri la oștile române în a doua jumătate a secolului al XV-lea, Studii și Materiale de Muzeografie și Istorie Militară 6, 58-86.
[60] VLĂDESCU, C. (1974-1975). Arme albe și armuri folosite de oștile române în secolul al XVI-lea, Studii şi Materiale de Muzeografie și Istorie Militară 7-8, 151-180.
[61] VLĂDESCU, C.-KÖNIG, C.-POPA, D. (1973). Arme în muzeele din România. București.