Název: Metaphorical depictions of women : exploring animal metaphors in Victorian prose fiction
Zdrojový dokument: Brno studies in English. 2024, roč. 50, č. 1, s. 33-53
Rozsah
33-53
-
ISSN0524-6881 (print)1805-0867 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2024-1-3
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/digilib.81074
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
Přístupová práva
otevřený přístup
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
This study explores the metaphorical portrayal of women as animals in Victorian prose fiction, focusing on four mid-19th-century novels. Its objectives are to unveil the nuances of women's conceptualisation as animals and to investigate gender disparities in the use of animal metaphors among novelists. Employing the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as the theoretical basis, this research examines metaphorical mappings and ontological correspondences between the source domain (ANIMAL) and the target domain (HUMAN BEING), identifying the general conceptual metaphor WOMAN IS AN ANIMAL, along with the constituent submetaphors WOMAN IS A WILD ANIMAL and WOMAN IS A DOMESTIC ANIMAL. The findings highlight a prevalent negative portrayal of females as animals and mirror the societal attitudes towards women during the Victorian era. The frequency counts reveal no significant gender disparities among the authors in their use of animal metaphors or in the derogatory depiction of women.
Reference
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[36] Mitchell, Sally (2009) Daily Life in Victorian England. Westport: Conn, Greenwood Press.
[37] Nilsen, Allen Pace (1996) Of ladybugs and billygoats: What animal species tell about human perceptions of gender. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 11(4): 257–271.
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[40] Pielak, Chase (2012) Hunting Gwendolen: Animetaphor in Daniel Deronda. Victorian literature and culture, 40(1): 99–115.
[41] Prandi Michele and Micaela Rossi (2022) Researching Metaphors: Towards a Comprehensive Account. New York, NY: Routledge.
[42] Pyke, Susan Mary (2017) Cathy's Whip and Heathcliff's Snarl: Control, Violence, Care, and Rights in Wuthering Heights. In: Mazzeno, Laurence W. and Ronald D. Morrison (eds.) Animals in Victorian Literature and Culture. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 167–187.
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[45] Schulz, Muriel R. (1975) The Semantic Derogation of Women. In: Thorne, Barrie and Nancy M. Henley (eds.) Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers, Inc, 64–75.
[46] Shen, Yeshayahu (2008) Metaphor and Poetic Figures. In: Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr. (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 295–308.
[47] Silaški, Nadežda (2013) Animal Metaphors and Semantic Derogation – Do Women Think Differently from Men? Gender studies (Timişoara) 12(12): 319–332.
[48] Simpson, Paul (2005) Language Through Literature: An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge.
[49] Sommer, Robert and Barbara A. Sommer (2011) Zoomorphy: Animal Metaphors for Human Personality. Anthrozoös, 24(3): 237–248.
[50] Spence, N. C. W. (2001) The Human Bestiary. The Modern Language Review, 96(4): 913–930.
[51] Steen, Gerard (2010) A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification from MIP to MIPVU. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
[52] Talebinejad, M. Reza and H. Vahid Dastjerdi (2005) A Cross-Cultural Study of Animal Metaphors: When Owls Are Not Wise. Metaphor and Symbol 20(2): 133–150.
[53] Thackeray, William Makepeace (2003) Vanity Fair. London: Penguin Classics.
[54] Tipler, Caroline N and Janet B. Ruscher (2019) Dehumanizing Representations of Women: The Shaping of Hostile Sexist Attitudes through Animalistic Metaphors. Journal of Gender Studies 28(1): 109–118.
[55] Torralbo Caballero, Juan de Dios (2020) 'Making My Meaning Understood': Analysing Metaphors in Great Expectations. Brno Studies in English 46(1): 243–260.
[56] Vasung, Ana (2020) Gender-marked conceptual metaphor woman is a bird (using examples from Bulgarian and Croatian languages). Philological Studies 18(2): 212–235.
[57] Veale, Tony, Ekaterina Shutova and Beata Beigman Klebanov (2016) Metaphor, a computational perspective. Morgan & Claypool.
[2] Barnden, John (2016) Metaphor and simile. Categorizing and comparing categorization and comparison. In: Elisabetta Gola and Francesca Ervas (eds.) Metaphor and Communication. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 25–46.
[3] Blake, Kathleen (1983) Love and the woman question in Victorian literature: the art of self-post-ponement. Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press.
[4] Brontë, Charlotte (2003) Jane Eyre. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics.
[5] Cao, Claudia (2019) Animal Similes and Metaphors in Great Expectations from Novel to Screen. ESSE Messenger 28(2): 7–30.
[6] Chamizo Domínguez, Pedro and Magdalena Zawislawska (2006) Animal Names Used as Insults and Derogation in Polish and Spanish. Philologia Hispalensis 2(20): 137–174.
[7] Ciechanowska, Anna (2018) On Zoosemic Tendencies in the Vocabulary of Prison Slang. Academic Journal of Modern Philology 7: 89–108.
[8] Dickens, Charles (2003) Bleak House. London: Penguin Classics.
[9] Fontecha, Almudena Fernández and Rosa María Jiménez Catalán (2003) Semantic derogation in animal metaphor: a contrastive-cognitive analysis of two male/female examples in English and Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics 35(5): 771–797.
[10] Funada, Saoko (2015) A Stylistic Approach to Animal Metaphors in Charles Dickens's Novels: With Special Reference to the First-Person Narrative Perspectives. https://www.pala.ac.uk/uploads/2/5/1/0/25105678/funada_saoko.pdf.
[11] Funada, Saoko (2019) A Stylistic Analysis of Dickens's Dehumanisation Using Metaphors in Our Mutual Friend. 福岡大学研究部論集 A 19 (2): 39–52.
[12] Gaskell, Elizabeth (1996) Wives and Daughters. London: Penguin Classics.
[13] Gentner, Dedre and Brian Bowdle (2008) Metaphor as Structure-Mapping. In: Raymond W. Jr. Gibbs (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 109–128.
[14] Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr. (2017) Metaphor Wars: Conceptual Metaphors in Human Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[15] Goatly, Andrew (2006) Humans, animals, and metaphors. Society & Animals 14(1): 15–37.
[16] Gryzhak, Liudmyla (2018) Evaluative Adjectives in The Portrayal of Victorian Women. Linguaculture. International Journal of the Iaşi Linguaculture Centre for (Inter)cultural and (Inter)lingual Research 9 (1): 85–97.
[17] Ho, Janet (2022) Evading the Lockdown: Animal Metaphors and Dehumanization in Virtual Space. Metaphor and Symbol 37(1): 21–38.
[18] Kieltyka, Robert (2005) Zoosemic Terms Denoting Female Human Beings: Semantic Derogation of Women Revisited. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 41: 167–186.
[19] Kiełtyka, Robert (2010) Selected Aspects of Zoosemy: The Conceptual Dimension "Origin/Social Status" at Work. Philologia Hispalensis 2(24): 167–189.
[20] Kilyeni, Annamaria and Nadežda Silaški (2014) Beauty and the Beast from a Cognitive Linguistic Perspective: Animal Metaphors for Women in Serbian and Romanian. Gender Studies (Timişoara), 13(1):163–178.
[21] King, Jeannette (2005) The Victorian Woman Question in Contemporary Feminist Fiction. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
[22] Kleparski, A. Grzegorz (2016) The Semantics of Dog Revisited: In Search of Phraseologically Embedded Spectral Zoometaphors. In: Robert Kiełtyka and Agnieszka Uberman (eds.) Evolving Nature of the English Language: Studies in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics. Frankfurt am Main, New York, Peter Lang, 81–22.
[23] Knox, Marisa Palacios (2021) Victorian women and wayward reading: crises of identification. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[24] Kövecses, Zoltan and Réka Benczes (2010) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. 2nd ed. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
[25] Kovecses, Zoltán (2015) Where Metaphors Come From: Reconsidering Context in Metaphor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[26] Lakoff, George and Mark Turner (1989) More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[27] Lakoff, George (1993) The contemporary theory of metaphor. In: Ortony, Andrew (ed.) Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 202–251.
[28] Li Hongying, Mario Bisiada and Yingfeng Xu (2023) Applying the Discourse Dynamics Approach to metaphors for women in the Spanish translation of the Chinese novel Wei Cheng. Perspectives, Studies in Translatology 32(2): 330–344.
[29] Lippit, Akira Mizuta (1998) Magnetic Animal: Derrida, Wildlife, Animetaphor. MLN (Comparative Literature Issue) 113(5): 1111–1125.
[30] Loeb, Lori Anne (1994) Consuming Angels: Advertising and Victorian Women. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[31] López Rodríguez, Irene (2009) Of Women, Bitches, Chickens and Vixens: Animal Metaphors for Women in English and Spanish. Cultura, Lenguaje y Representación (7): 77–100.
[32] Lugea, Jane and Brian Walker (2023) Stylistics: Text, Cognition and Corpora. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
[33] Marchbanks, Paul (2006) Jane Air: The Heroine as Caged Bird in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre and Alfred Hitchcock's Rebecca. LISA (Caen, France) 4(4): 118–130.
[34] McKay, Robert and Susan McHugh (eds.) (2023) Animal Satire. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
[35] Mintsys, Ella and Yulia Mintsys (2019) Zoonyms: Contextual Meaning in Literary Context (Based on the Novel 'Bless M. Ultima!' by Rudolfo Anaya). Transcarpathian Philological Studies10(1): 99–104.
[36] Mitchell, Sally (2009) Daily Life in Victorian England. Westport: Conn, Greenwood Press.
[37] Nilsen, Allen Pace (1996) Of ladybugs and billygoats: What animal species tell about human perceptions of gender. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 11(4): 257–271.
[38] O'Brien, Gerald V. (2010) Social Justice Implications of the Organism Metaphor. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 37(1): 95–113.
[39] Oxford English Dictionary (2023). https://www.oed.com
[40] Pielak, Chase (2012) Hunting Gwendolen: Animetaphor in Daniel Deronda. Victorian literature and culture, 40(1): 99–115.
[41] Prandi Michele and Micaela Rossi (2022) Researching Metaphors: Towards a Comprehensive Account. New York, NY: Routledge.
[42] Pyke, Susan Mary (2017) Cathy's Whip and Heathcliff's Snarl: Control, Violence, Care, and Rights in Wuthering Heights. In: Mazzeno, Laurence W. and Ronald D. Morrison (eds.) Animals in Victorian Literature and Culture. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 167–187.
[43] Rayevska, Natalia (1979) English Lexicology. 4th ed. Kiev: Vysca Skola Publishers.
[44] Sakalauskaite, Aida (2010) Zoometaphors in English, German, and Lithuanian: A Corpus Study. eScholarship. University of California: Berkeley.
[45] Schulz, Muriel R. (1975) The Semantic Derogation of Women. In: Thorne, Barrie and Nancy M. Henley (eds.) Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers, Inc, 64–75.
[46] Shen, Yeshayahu (2008) Metaphor and Poetic Figures. In: Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr. (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 295–308.
[47] Silaški, Nadežda (2013) Animal Metaphors and Semantic Derogation – Do Women Think Differently from Men? Gender studies (Timişoara) 12(12): 319–332.
[48] Simpson, Paul (2005) Language Through Literature: An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge.
[49] Sommer, Robert and Barbara A. Sommer (2011) Zoomorphy: Animal Metaphors for Human Personality. Anthrozoös, 24(3): 237–248.
[50] Spence, N. C. W. (2001) The Human Bestiary. The Modern Language Review, 96(4): 913–930.
[51] Steen, Gerard (2010) A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification from MIP to MIPVU. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
[52] Talebinejad, M. Reza and H. Vahid Dastjerdi (2005) A Cross-Cultural Study of Animal Metaphors: When Owls Are Not Wise. Metaphor and Symbol 20(2): 133–150.
[53] Thackeray, William Makepeace (2003) Vanity Fair. London: Penguin Classics.
[54] Tipler, Caroline N and Janet B. Ruscher (2019) Dehumanizing Representations of Women: The Shaping of Hostile Sexist Attitudes through Animalistic Metaphors. Journal of Gender Studies 28(1): 109–118.
[55] Torralbo Caballero, Juan de Dios (2020) 'Making My Meaning Understood': Analysing Metaphors in Great Expectations. Brno Studies in English 46(1): 243–260.
[56] Vasung, Ana (2020) Gender-marked conceptual metaphor woman is a bird (using examples from Bulgarian and Croatian languages). Philological Studies 18(2): 212–235.
[57] Veale, Tony, Ekaterina Shutova and Beata Beigman Klebanov (2016) Metaphor, a computational perspective. Morgan & Claypool.