Název: Sedm důvodů pro nemožnost vytvoření univerzální definice života
Variantní název:
- Seven reasons for the impossibility to create a universal definition of life
Zdrojový dokument: Pro-Fil. 2014, roč. 15, č. Doplňkové číslo, s. [89]-108
Rozsah
[89]-108
-
ISSN1212-9097
Trvalý odkaz (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/pf15-3-1001
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/134133
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: Neurčená licence
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
Ačkoliv patří život a otázky spojené s jeho definicí k tradičním filozofickým tématům, na počátku jednadvacátého století a po zhruba dvou a půl tisíci letech filozofické tradice není k dispozici uspokojivá definice života. Obtíže spojené s definováním života neprovází pouze filozofii, ale všechny obory, kterých se téma života týká. Příčiny tohoto stavu lze vnímat jako kombinaci několika komplementárně spojených skutečností. V textu jsou uvedeny jako důvody pro nemožnost vytvoření univerzální definice života. Postupně se věnují problematice původu života a postulované hranici mezi živým a neživým, vývoji života a jeho různorodosti, mnohostem přístupů k definování života a neustávajícím objevům nových organismů, filozofické tradici a nejasnosti používaných pojmů, vývoji života jako historickému procesu, kritice definic života z pohledu "jednoho vzorku" a reflexi pojmu život konceptuální analýzou. Zdůrazněny tak jsou filozofická tradice, otázky spojené s životem a jeho vybranými definicemi, aktuální poznatky a výzkumy věnující se životu, stejně tak možný přínos filozofie ke snahám nalézt definici života jako takovou. Východiskem předkládaného textu je naturalismus, fyzikalismus a redukcionismus.
Although life and questions connected with its definition among traditional philosophical topics, at the beginning of the twenty-first century and after roughly two and a half thousand years of philosophical tradition no satisfactory definition of life is at one's disposal. Though difficulties bond up with life definition don't accompany philosophy alone, but also almost all fields touched by this topic. Causes of this state of affairs can be viewed as a combination of several complementary connected facts. Those facts are in the text stated as reasons against the possibility of creating universal definition of life and apply here one by one to the origin of life a postulated boarder line between life and nonlife, evolution of life and its variedness, multiplicity of definitions of life and still going discoveries of new organisms, philosophical tradition and lack of clarity of concepts, evolution of life as a historical process, critique of definitions of life from the point of view of "sample one" and reflection of the concept life by conceptual analysis. Particular sources are about to be analyzed from the point of philosophy of biology with care for philosophical tradition, to questions linked with life and its selected definitions, to actual findings and explorations focused on life and possible contribution of philosophy to the endeavor of finding definition of life as such. Ground of proposed text is naturalism, physicalism and reductionism.
Reference
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[5] BASHOUR, Bana a Hans D. MULLER, 2013. Contemporary Philosophical Naturalism and Its Implications. 1st edition. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415813099.
[6] BEDAU, Mark A., 2007. Artificial Life. In: Matthen MOHAN, Christopher STEPHENS, Dov M GABBAY, Paul THAGARD a John WOODS, ed. Philosophy of Biology. Amsterdam: North-Holland, s. 585–603.
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[8] BEDAU, Mark A., 2012. Introduction to philosophical problems about life. Synthese [online]. 1.3., roč. 185, č. 1, s. 1–3 [vid. 31. srpen 2014]. ISSN 0039-7857, 1573-0964. Dostupné z: DOI 10.1007/s11229-011-9872-1 |
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[10] BERKOWITZ, Jacob, 2012. The Stardust Revolution: The New Story of Our Origin in the Stars. Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781616145491.
[11] CLELAND, Carol E., 2013. Is a General Theory of Life Possible? Seeking the Nature of Life in the Context of a Single Example. Biological Theory [online]. 1.6., roč. 7, č. 4, s. 368–379 [vid. 31. srpen 2014]. ISSN 1555-5542, 1555-5550. Dostupné z: DOI 10.1007/s13752-012-0045-3 |
[12] CLELAND, Carol E. a Christopher F. CHYBA, 2002. Defining "life". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 8., roč. 32, č. 4, s. 387–393. ISSN 0169-6149.
[13] CLELAND, Carol E. a Michael ZERELLA, 2013. What Is Life? In: Kostas KAMPOURAKIS, ed. The Philosophy of Biology - A Companion for Educators. New York: Springer, s. 31–48.
[14] DALY, Christopher, 2010. An Introduction to Philosophical Methods. 1st edition. Peterborough, Ont.: Breakwater Books. ISBN 9781551119342.
[15] DAWKINS, Richard, 2010. The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution. Reprint edition. New York: Free Press. ISBN 9781416594796.
[16] DESCARTES, René, 1677. L’homme, et la formation du foetus [online]. Paris: Theodore Girard. Dostupné z: https://archive.org/details/lhommeetlaformat00desc
[17] GAYON, Jean, 2010. Defining Life: Synthesis and Conclusions. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres [online]. 1.4., roč. 40, č. 2, s. 231–244 [vid. 31. srpen 2014]. ISSN 0169-6149, 1573-0875. Dostupné z: DOI 10.1007/s11084-010-9204-3 |
[18] GODFREY-SMITH, Peter, 2007. Conditions for Evolution by Natural Selection. Journal of Philosophy. roč. CIV, č. 10, s. 489–516. | DOI 10.5840/jphil2007104103
[19] GOULD, Stephen Jay, 1990. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. B.m.: Norton.
[20] HALDANE, John B. S., 1998. What Is Life? In: Michael RUSE, ed. Philosophy of Biology. New York: Prometheus Books, s. 32–34.
[21] HANCZYC, Martin M., 2011. tructure and the Synthesis of Life. Architectural Design [online]. 1.3., roč. 81, č. 2, s. 26–33 [vid. 2. září 2014]. ISSN 1554-2769. Dostupné z: DOI 10.1002/ad.1209 |
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[25] INAGAKI, Kayoko a Giyoo HATANO, 1996. Young Children's Recognition of Commonalities between Animals and Plants. Child Development [online]. 12., roč. 67, č. 6, s. 2823 [vid. 3. září 2014]. ISSN 00093920. Dostupné z: DOI 10.2307/1131754 |
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[27] KELLER, Fox Evelyn, 2003. Synthetic Biology Redux - Computer Simulatin and Artificial Life. In: Making Sense of Life. Explaining Biological Development with Models, Metaphors, and Machines. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, s. 265–294.
[28] KHALIDI, Muhammad Ali, 2013. Natural Categories and Human Kinds: Classification in the Natural and Social Sciences. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107012745.
[29] KLEIN, Harold P., 1979. The Viking mission and the search for life on Mars. Reviews of Geophysics [online]. 1.10., roč. 17, č. 7, s. 1655–1662 [vid. 3. září 2014]. ISSN 1944-9208. Dostupné z: DOI 10.1029/RG017i007p01655 |
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[34] MOJZSIS, S. J., G. ARRHENIUS, K. D. MCKEEGAN, T. M. HARRISON, A. P. NUTMAN a C. R. FRIEND, 1996. Evidence for life on Earth before 3,800 million years ago. Nature [online]. 7.11., roč. 384, č. 6604, s. 55–59. ISSN 0028-0836. Dostupné z: DOI 10.1038/384055a0 |
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[36] POIRIER, Bill, 2014. A Conceptual Guide to Thermodynamics. 1st edition. Chichester, West Sussex ; Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 9781118840535.
[37] POPA, Radu, 2004. B Chronology of Definitions and Interpretations of Life. In: Between Necessity and Probability. New York: Springer.
[38] PROSS, Addy, 2009. Seeking the chemical roots of darwinism: bridging between chemistry and biology. Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany) [online]. 24.8., roč. 15, č. 34, s. 8374–8381. ISSN 1521-3765. Dostupné z: DOI 10.1002/chem.200900805 |
[39] PROSS, Addy, 2011. Toward a general theory of evolution: Extending Darwinian theory to inanimate matter. Journal of Systems Chemistry [online]. 7.6., roč. 2, č. 1, s. 1 [vid. 3. září 2014]. ISSN 1759-2208. Dostupné z: DOI 10.1186/1759-2208-2-1 |
[40] PROSS, Addy, 2014. What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology. Reprint edition. B.m.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199687770.
[41] PROTHERO, Donald R., 2013. Reality Check: How Science Deniers Threaten Our Future. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253010292.
[42] ROSENBERG, Alex, 2011. The Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life without Illusions. 1st edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393080230.
[43] ROSENBERG, Alex, 2014. How physics fakes design. In: Paul R. THOMPSON a Denis WALSH, ed. Evolutionary Biology: Conceptual, Ethical, and Religious Issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, s. 217–238. | DOI 10.1017/CBO9781139208796.013
[44] RUSE, Michael, 2007. Philosophy of Biology. 2nd edition. Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781591025276.
[45] RUSSELL, Peter J. a Paul E. HERTZ, 2013. Biology: The Dynamic Science. 3rd edition. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781133587552.
[46] SADAVA, David E., David M. HILLIS, H. Craig HELLER a May BERENBAUM, 2009. Life: The Science of Biology. 9th edition. Sunderland, Mass. : Gordonsville, Va: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 9781429219624.
[47] SARKAR, Sahotra, 2010. A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology. 1st edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444337853.
[48] SCHÄFER, E. A., 1912. The Nature, Origin and Maintenance of Life. Science. roč. 36, č. 923, s. 289–312.
[49] SOBER, Elliott, 1990. Learning from Functionalism - Prospects for Strong Artificial Life. In: Christopher G. LANGTON, Charles TAYLOR, J. Doyne FARMER a Steen RASMUSSEN, ed.Artificial Life II. Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Life Held February, 1990 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Santa Fe Institute: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
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