Název: Museums in the era of decolonisation: the Nigerian perspective
Variantní název:
- Muzea v éře dekolonizace na příkladu Nigérie
Zdrojový dokument: Museologica Brunensia. 2022, roč. 11, č. 1, s. 10-22
Rozsah
10-22
-
ISSN1805-4722 (print)2464-5362 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/MuB2022-1-2
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/digilib.77023
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 International
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
Museums are spaces designed to preserve and disseminate knowledge about peoples and cultures. It is a place that keeps items that serve as evidence of history and identity frozen in time for knowledge purposes. Museums were a direct result of elites exhibiting their collections and cabinets of curiosity to the amazement of visitors in their homes. Over time, private collections became museum institutions of knowledge and repositories that have become pride of nation-states. As learning spaces, museums enhance education and enjoyment of visitors, through varied cultures displayed from their collections. However, museums are not to be perceived as entirely western supporting colonial ideology but they should substantiate national history from varied cultural perspectives that fosters identity formation and communal history. The paper focuses on how the persistent call for decolonisation within museums has been perceived and adopted in Nigeria. Using mixed methodology, that included archival and historic research, data collection was through surveys, personal observation, interviews to ascertain museum types within Nigeria. The paper describes museum concept as a cultural construct that aligns to African ideology. Finally, the paper concludes that the low visitors number to museums in Nigeria is due to a disconnect between institution and the citizenry due to its colonial foundation. Consequently, emphasising the urgent need for decolonisation that adopt local model and further influences the design of new museums in Nigerian.
Muzea jsou instituce určené k zachování a šíření vědomostí o lidských společenstvích a kulturách. V prostorech muzeí jsou uchovávány materiální doklady historie a identity, které můžou být kdykoliv využity pro účely výzkumu a poznání. Muzea se vyvinula jako přímý následovník dřívějších forem prezentace, kdy elity vystavovaly své sbírky a kabinety kuriozit ve svých domovech k ohromení návštěvníků. Postupem času se soukromé sbírky přetransformovaly v muzejní instituce vědění a uchovávání, které se staly chloubou národních států. Prostřednictvím vystavování sbírek předmětů pocházejících z různých kultur poskytují muzea svým návštěvníkům možnost rozšířit si své vědomosti a získat nové zážitky. Muzea však nemají být vnímána jako výhradně západní instituce podporující koloniální ideologii, ale měla by prezentovat dějiny jednotlivých národů z pohledu různých kultur a podporovat tak formování identity a kolektivní historie. Článek se zaměřuje na to, jakým způsobem bylo toto vytrvalé volání po dekolonizaci v muzeích vnímáno v Nigérii a jak se jeho výsledky projevují v praxi. Sběr dat probíhal za využití kombinace metod archivního a historického výzkumu, tedy prostřednictvím průzkumů, osobního pozorování a rozhovorů, které měly za cíl zjistit, jaké typy muzeí se vyskytují v Nigérii. V článku je koncepce muzea popsána jako kulturní konstrukt, který se přizpůsobuje africké ideologii. Studie nakonec dochází k závěru, že nízký počet návštěvníků muzeí v Nigérii je způsoben odmítavým postojem občanů k těmto institucím kvůli jejich dřívějšímu založení představiteli koloniální moci. Naléhavá potřeba dekolonizace, která dá prostor lokálním zvyklostem a bude mít další vliv na vznik a charakter nových muzeí v Nigérii, je proto stále aktuální.
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[36] SOGBESAN, Oluwatoyin Z. The potential of digital representation: The changing meaning of the Ife 'bronzes' from precolonial Ife to the post-colonial digital British Museum. London: University of London, 2015. Doctoral dissertation.
[37] WILLETT, Frank. Museums and the Image of Africa. Journal of Museum Ethnography, 1991, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 43–54. ISSN 0954–7169.
[2] ANIAKOR, Chike. Structuralism in Ikenga: an ethno-aesthetic approach. IKENGA: Journal of African Studies, 1973, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 6–28. ISSN 0331-0205.
[3] APPADURAI, Arjun. The social life of things: Commodities in cultural perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-521-35726-5.
[4] BENNET, Tony. The Birth of the Museum. London: Routledge, 1995. ISBN 978-0-415-05388-4.
[5] BENTOR, Eli. Life as an artistic process: Igbo Ikenga and Ofo. African arts, 1988, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 66–71. ISSN 0001-9933. https://doi.org/10.2307/3336530
[6] BERGERON, Yves and Michèle RIVET. Introduction. Decolonising museology or "re-formulating museology". ICOFOM Study Series, 2021, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 15–28. ISSN 2309-1290.
[7] BROWN, Karen and Françoise MAIRESSE. The definition of the museum through its social role. Curator: The Museum Journal, 2018, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 525–539. ISSN 2151-6952. https://doi.org/10.1111/cura.12276
[8] BUCKINGHAM, James Silk. National Evils and Practical Remedies: With a Plan for a Model Town. London: PeterJackson, Lae Fisher, Son and Co, 1849.
[9] CHOI, Byungjin and Junic KIM. Changes and challenges in museum management after the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 2021, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 148 et seq. ISSN 2199-8531 https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020148
[10] CROOK, Joseph Mordaunt. The British Museum. London: Allen Lane, 1972. ISBN 978-0-7139-0254-9.
[11] EDSON, Gary and David DEAN. The handbook for museums. London: Routledge, 1994. ISBN 978-0-415-09953-0.
[12] FAGG, Bernard. The museums of Nigeria. Museum International, 1963, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 124–148. ISSN 1350-0775. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1963.tb01548.x
[13] FOUCAULT, Michel. Governmentality. Ideology and Consciousness, 1979, vol. 6, pp. 5–21. ISSN 0309-9156.
[14] FRIMAN, Helena. A museum without walls. Museum International, 2006, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 55–59. ISSN 1350-0775. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.2006.00567.x
[15] GEERTZ, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Book Inc Publishers, 2000. ISBN 978-0-00-686260-4.
[16] GIBLIN, John, Imma RAMOS and Nikky GROUT. Dismantling the master's house: thoughts on representing empire and decolonising museums and public spaces in practice an introduction. Third Text, 2019, vol. 33, no. 4-5, pp. 471–486. ISSN 0952-8822.
[17] GOODE, G. Brown. The principles of museum administration. [s.l.]: Coultas & Volans, 1895.
[18] HARRISON, Julia. Museums as agencies of neocolonialism in a postmodern world. Studies in Cultures, Organizations and Societies, 1997, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 41–65. ISSN 1475-9551.
[19] HELLMAN, Amanda H. The Grounds for Museological Experiments: Developing the Colonial Museum Project in British Nigeria. Journal of curatorial studies, 2014, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 74–96. ISSN 2045-5836. https://doi.org/10.1386/jcs.3.1.74_1
[20] HOOPER-GREENHILL, Eilean. Museums and the Shaping of Knowledge. London: Routledge, 1992. ISBN 978-0-415-07031-7.
[21] LABADI, Sophia. Rethinking Heritage for Sustainable Development. London: UCL Press, 2022. ISBN 978-1-80008-194-9.
[22] List of national museums in Nigeria. In National Commission for Museums and Monuments [online]. [accessed 2022-06-22]. Available from www: <museum.ng/museums/national-museums-list>.
[23] MACDONALD, Sharon. Introduction. In MACDONALD, Sharon and Gordon FYFE (eds.). Theorizing museums: representing identity and diversity in a changing world. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996. ISBN 978-0-631-20151-9.
[24] MACKENZIE, John M. Museums and Empire: Natural History, Human Cultures and Colonial Identities. New York: Manchester University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-5261-1832-5.
[25] MALRAUX, André. Museum Without Walls. London: Martin Seckler & Warburg, 1967. Translated From the French by Stuart Gilbert and Francis Price. ISBN 978-0-436-27151-9.
[26] MCPHERSON, Gayle. Public memories and private tastes: The shifting definitions of museums and their visitors in the UK. Museum Management and Curatorship, 2006, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 44–57. ISSN 0964-7775.
[27] MURRAY, Kenneth C. Art in Nigeria: the need for a museum. Journal of the Royal African Society, 1942, vol. 41, no. 165, pp. 241–249. ISSN 0368-4016.
[28] Museum Definition. In ICOM International Council of Museums [online]. 2022 [accessed 2022-08-26]. Available from www: https://icom.museum/en/resources/standards-guidelines/museum-definition/.
[29] Museums, International Council of Museums. 2007. In ICOM International Council of Museums [online]. 24 August 2007 [accessed 2021-12-21]. Available from www: https://icom.museum/en/resources/standards-guidelines/museum-definition/.
[30] National Commission for Museum and Monuments Annual Report 2012. Abuja, Lagos: NCMM, 2012.
[31] ODOITA, Okechukwu E. Universal cults and intra-diffusion: Igbo Ikenga in cultural retrospection. African Studies Review, 1973, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 73–82. ISSN 0002-0206. https://doi.org/10.2307/523734
[32] OKPOKO, Alex Ikechukwu. Fundamentals of Museum Practice. Nsukka: Afro Orbis, 2006. ISBN 978-36599-7-9.
[33] PHILLIPS, Barnaby. Loot: Britain and the Benin Bronzes. London: Oneworld Publications, 2021. ISBN 978-1-78607-935-0.
[34] Recommendation Concerning the Protection and Promotion of Museums and Collections. In United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization [online]. 2015 [accessed 2022-08-17]. Available from www: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/museums/recommendation-on-theprotection-and-promotion-of-museums-andcollections/.
[35] SARR, Felwine and Bénédicte SAVOY. The restitution of African cultural heritage. Toward a new relational ethics [online]. November 2018 [accessed 2022-08-17]. Available from www: http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_en.pdf. Report.
[36] SOGBESAN, Oluwatoyin Z. The potential of digital representation: The changing meaning of the Ife 'bronzes' from precolonial Ife to the post-colonial digital British Museum. London: University of London, 2015. Doctoral dissertation.
[37] WILLETT, Frank. Museums and the Image of Africa. Journal of Museum Ethnography, 1991, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 43–54. ISSN 0954–7169.